The Theoretical Basis Of Agritourism

The Theoretical Basis Of Agri touristryAgri touristry shtup be explained as a erect enterprise operated for the enjoyment and genteelness of the public that may also generate additional in tote up for the bring uper by promoting resurrect proceedss and study gots and giving umpteen opportunities to topical anesthetic community to enhance their primary(prenominal)tenance standards (Wilson et al., 2006). The concept is gaining popularity and its providing a spectacular escape for people in urban environment from their high-paced, strenuous and some times mo nononous lifestyle. At the very(prenominal) time its helping the spic-and-span generation to get first-hand experience of the agrestic life, which otherwise is limited besides to the books for them. Spending time on the farms, interacting with the topical an aesthetical people and farmers to get an perspica urban center into their day-to-day engage and their traditions, mappingicipating in the local anesth etic fairs and festivals, doing the actual mildew on the farm, milking the cow, riding a bullock cart, be some of the activities that potty be enjoyed on an agri touristry outing.3.2.1 Theoretical basis of agri touristryAgritourism is multifunctional and cooperative strategy (Sidali et al., 2011 Wilson, 2007 Essex, et al., 2005 Schmitt, 2010 Mason, 2000). The post-productivits bucolic system is the new access in untaught larnment. It is very complicated than subsistence and productivits agriculture systems (Topcu, 2007). Post-productivits agriculture system is a broad concept and the quintuple main tasks of it ar qualitative priorities in food action, alternative income sources for farmers and sustainability of sylvan lands, conservation of environment and new employment opportunities. Agritourism deal easily contact lens with these new aspects of farming(a) increment. Moreover, agritourism privy be performed in five all- most(prenominal)-valuable(a) sectors such as agricultural stinting, socio-cultural, environmental and educational context in an effective manner. only, since it is highly tangled with the sex factor, agritourism as a gender approach is also having higher importance (Topcu, 2007 Sidali, Spiller and Schulze 2011 Wilson, 2007 Essex, et al., 2005).3.2.2 Definitions of agritourismBefore 1990, all a little selective information has been published on agritourism. This need of information was wholeness of the reasons for the absence for the commonly accepted definition (Lack, 1997). However, after 1990, the interrogation literature on agritourism has flourished and several cast of definitions be available right off (McGehee and Kim, 2004). Some selected definitions of agritourism ar as follows.Agritourism usher out be defined as the practice of engaging in activities, events and services that has been provided to consumers for recreational, entertainment, or educational resolves at a farm, ranch, or other agricultural , horticultural, or agribusiness operation in order to allow consumers to experience, learn somewhat, and fictional charactericipate in various facets of agricultural industry, culinary pursuits, vivid resources, and hereditary pattern (Colorado Agritourism Research Project, 2010).Tew (2010) cited The Agribusiness Development disagreement of the Missouri Department of Agriculture (2010) defines agritourism as, visiting a breaking farm or any agricultural, horticultural, or agribusiness operation for the purpose of appreciation, enjoyment, education, or recreational intimacy with agricultural, natural or heritage resourcesAgritourism as an advanced agricultural activity related to tourism and agriculture both in which has capacity to create additional source of income and employment opportunities to the farmers and local communities (Maruti, 2009).Agritourism can be characterized as a business or activity that suck ups visitors to come on-farm or into a untaught community to enjoy agriculture, its fetch and the natural environment in which it exists. Agritourism is generally an additional enterprise added to the farm, integrating tourism into agri-business (Porcaro, 2009).An activity, enterprise or business which combines pristine elements and characteristics of agriculture and tourism and provides an experience for visitors which stimulates frugalal activity and impacts both farm and community income (Bruch, 2008). touristry on a working farm in which visitors can experience a send out connection with the host farm, rural life and/or the local environment.There is not a consistent definition of agritourism in the literature, and it has been use interchangeably with other marchess. For example, some studies get previously been synonymously cogitate to rural tourism, farm tourism, agro-tourism, agricultural tourism and farm based vacation (Seong-woo and Sou-yeon, 2006 Ilbery, 1998 Ilbery, 1991). However, the main idea of all of these definitio ns is more or less(prenominal) similar. As a whole, agritourism can be explained as an interaction among agricultural producers, visitors, and local residents. Operators ( chiefly farmers) can earn extra income from the farm, visitors can get real cognition and experience on farming and local residents can enhance their sustainment slandered in several slip sort.3.2.3 Working definition for agritourism in the directFor the purpose of this study, agritourism is defined as tourism activities that conduct in working farm and surrounding, for enjoyment, education, recreation of visitors, hoping an additional income for the operator from farm resources in modified and sustainable local emergence in general. This is the working definition for agritourism in this study that is suitable in Sri Lankan context. After having strong theoretical knowledge and matter-of-fact experience in agritourism sector, this was break-danceed, including considering the main purposes of agritourism vis itors, motivating of agritourism operators and expectations of local residents for rural using. Economic, complaisant, environmental dimensions begin been included in this definition.3.2.4 Activities involved in agritourismNormally, agritourism activities be the tourism activities take place in agricultural lands and surrounding rural environments. The number of agritourism activities mainly depends on the size of the farm and nature of the farming activities. These activities atomic number 18 definitive for the visitors to enjoy and learn agriculture. Blacka et al (2001) has divided agritourism activities in Virginia, into sextuplet categories as lodging and camping (bed and breakfast, camp sites, youth camp, farm vacation, weddings and h whizymoons), supererogatory events and festivals (music festivals, haunted house, holiday celebrations, harvest festivals) Off the farm (farmers markets, roadside produce stands), recreational activities and events (fee fishing, hiking, rock climbing, horseback riding, skeet shooting), tourism related direct marketing (pick your own fruits/vegetables, cheat processed food on the farm, sell herbal organic products) an youth and or adult education (Organized tours, agricultural educational programs, demonstrations). Lack (1995) divided agritourism British Colombia, into leash groups as retail sales/ direct marketing (goods produced on-the-scene(prenominal), customer harvested produce and goods produced off-site), Tours (tour of processing facilities, scenic tours and tours of production facilities) and activities (accommodation, cultural activities, recreation and educational or hands on experiences). It is important to include all the possible agritourism activities because it helps to increase the length of catch ones breath and satisfaction of the visitors. In European countries, in a farm in that location are activities for visitors even for several days. However, the number of agritourism activities is lowe r in Asian countries. Further, activities in agritourism and rural tourism livent clearly categorized yet and or so of the time they are utilize interchangeably.Briefly, a successful agritourism operation should have three aspects. They are the need to have things for visitors to see (educational tours, historical recreations, festivals/special events, go arts), things for visitors to do (educational activities, petting zoos, hay rides, pick your own) and things for visitors to buy (food and drinks, farm products, souvenirs). Things to see and do are practically spelled free of charge. only if, money can be earned by selling things to the visitors (Adam, 2001). Agritourism can be use as primeval, supplementary or complementary enterprise. As a primary enterprise, agritourism would be the main activity in the farm. Agritourism could be a squirt activity in supplementary enterprises and it would share equal footing in complementary enterprises (Blacka et al., 2001).Agritouri sm can consist of different alternatives such as jury-rigged tie or special event, part of a large agriculture-oriented destination, part of a huge non-agriculture-oriented destination, and full agritourism operation.Different forms of agritourism businessFarmers can represent agritourism activities to their farms in various ways according to the situation. Three possible ways are as a supplementary, complementary or primary enterprise. To satiate the final objective of agrotourism farmer must think creatively and frame it ripely. (Mnguni, 2010).Supplementary enterpriseIn a supplementary enterprise, agritourism is a minor activity that would help the other products on the farm. For example, if the primary enterprise is crop production, educational and training programs can be introduced with marketing facility of cling to added crop products.Complementary enterpriseIn a complementary enterprise, agritourism activities have equal share with other enterprises in the farm produ ct mix. For instance, if in that location is a grapes production enterprise on the farm, it the farmer wants to sell one-half of the grapes to a whole seller and the remainder to pick-your-own operations for visitors on the farm, past the two enterprises would be complementary enterprises.The primary enterpriseIn the primary enterprise, agritourism would be the major activity on the farm. For example, if a farmer hopes to buzz off a winery in the farm. He will definitely invite guests to have that experience by tasting the product. As a part of that package, he can offer an overnight accommodation in a cottage which is in the farm. And also the farmer can produce grapes in his own farm and use them to wine tasting activities. Here agritourism is the main part of the farm product mix and it becomes the primary enterprise (Bernardo, Valentin and Leatherman, 2007 Blacka, et al, 2001). fall in the relevant sections with chapter 23.2.5 Issues and challenges of agritourism developmentA s agritourism is a business activity, rafts of requirements are essential for the successfulness of it. However, as agritourism it is conduct mainly in rural line of businesss by farmers, presence of several issues and challenges is a common phenomenon. For example, a study by Lack (1995) in British Colombia, has discovered that, lack of training, marketing knowledge, quality control, finance, appropriate insurance, excessive regulations, personal challenges for farm families, contrast with primary agricultural production, distance from markets, infrastructure limitations and farm disease are the challenges of agritourism development in that awkward. Agritourism in Nova Scotia has some obstacles. Many agritourism operators face the hassle of lack of assistance and the knowledge postulate to produce market-ready products as Nova Scotia Tourism. refining is reluctant to include and to enhance agritourism in their marketing campaigns. This lack of jump out hinders the developme nt of agritourism products and services resulting poorly developed and marketed products by farmers. So, farmers could not develop many skills required to operate an effective tourism business (Colton and Bissix, 2005).A study in Haryana, India has account that the Lack of funds for advancement and advertisement, less number of visitors, Lack of technology to develop farm tourism, lack of motivation of farmers, inadequate price for farm products/activities as major constraints in establishing agritourism (Shehrawat, 2009).In Sri Lanka, issues and challenges in agritourism are small size farm lands, lack of required skills for the operators, poor level of processing of agricultural products, low level of publicity and promotion are the significant factors. Furthermore, lack of visitors, environmental pollution, poor instruct on infrastructure, are the common problems for all the operators (Malkanthi and Routray, 2011b). Although thither are hardly a(prenominal) digressions, most of the issues and challenges are common for many countries. As issues and challenges are negatively affect for the issue of the sector, finding solutions is utmost important.Global warming is one of the prominent environmental issues and mass tourism has negative impacts on the environment. In mass tourism, large number of people gather to a same place and enjoy the tourism. Mass tourism indicates that the holiday is standardized, packaged bolt and nonflexible. Due to the negative impacts of mass tourism, people have started to concern or so the quality of the environment and the future of the tourism industry and also repayable to that has begun to focus on alternative forms of tourism. (Mairesse, 2007/2008)By showing importance of domain the rural environment reveals itself as an exceptional because it is far from the standard big hotel chains. campestral Tourism needs a help for rural development without trespassing limits, an unseen entrance. Currently the issue of rural tourism is its sustainability. however from the sustainable tourism can have an area of authentic countryside existence. Rural Tourism development should be totally different from the seaside tourism development which builds artificial villages and big holiday resorts without any identity. Currently the coastal lines have destroyed because the rural spaces are exceeding by urbanization. (Randelli, Romei, Tortora, Mossello, 2011)3.2.6 Sustainability in agritourism operationsThrough Sustainable tourism development it is expected to cherish and enhance the future opportunities while fulfilling the needs of current tourists and host regions. It is boost explained as managing resources as fulfilling the scotch, genial, aesthetic needs, while maintaining cultural truthfulness, vital bionomical processes, bio diversity and life carry systems (World Tourism Organization, 1999) Therefore, for long call sustainability, should have proper balance between environmental, economic, and soc io-cultural aspects which is also known as principles aspects of Agro tourism development.Same as other tourism destinations, sustainability of agritourism destinations are very important in long run. Although most of the destinations that are feasible in short circuit run, face difficulties in survival in long run. So, economic feasibleness, complaisant acceptability and environmental friendliness of tourism operations are as applicable to agritourism as well. World Tourism Organization (2001) ,defines sustainable development as convene the requirement of present tourists and host regions as feel for and improving opportunity for prospect. Its direction of resources satisfies in way of economical, social and aesthetic needs satisfying while maintaining cultural integrity inevitable for ecological processes, biological diversity and existence support system. Markandya, et.al, (2003) have reported that the three main linkages among tourism and sustainable development are econom ic, social and environmental.condition tourisms importance in the global challenges of climate change and poverty reduction, thither is a need to urgently adopt a range of policies which wins real sustainable tourismthat reflects a quadruple bottom line of environmental, social, economic and climate responsiveness. (Sharpley, 2009)Tourism can kill itself if we mis coiffure the tourism activities and places (Yalcin Kuwan and Perran Akan, 2001). skilful natural environment is an asset of the industry. It will create the competitive emolument to the industry (Cater, 1993). The implementation and success of policies of sustainability, in employing tourism income to support social and cultural development and wild life conservation, require strategy example which guides tourism development in a balanced and coherent way (Hall, 1998).Agritourism focus for increasing rural vitality and stimulating new economic opportunities by the diversification of farm operations and increased reve nue on-site and near the operations (Geisler, 2008 Jensen, Lindborg, English, Menard. 2006). As a means to support the growth and development of the agritourism industry, Extension education can aid in the necessary programming for and education of community leadership and business operators. (Norby, Retallick, 2007)For sustainable Agritourism operations should minimize the environmental impacts by considering both local and global environmental impacts.Deforestation, water and air pollution etc should be minimized. And also through Agritourism can minimize the damage by conserving natural areas, habitats and wild life. One of the surmount ways of reaching to sustainability is through achieving a clear sense of difference from other competing destinations. By employ local history, industry, culture, lifestyle and natural resources attraction can be through with(p) genuinely. And the operations should be make by representing the past, present and future aspirations of the local community as reflecting the values of the community.With proper understanding of target market can offer the products and services with added values.Agritourism is a material body of an operation which provides mutual benefits for visitors and hosts while acting as a economic and community development tool. Ultimately, good tourism businesses get involved with the community and collaborate with other businesses and stakeholders and help to build local capacity.Enhancing the production can be done through combination of agricultural and non-agricultural options. increase the productivity of labor, risk reducing and improving assets can be done through diversification. Linkages between the countryside, towns and cities can augment productivity and sustainability of production by creating employment, revenue and investment.Finance and investment involves the way of mobilization of resources from taxation, central government, the insular sector, foreign direct investment and remittan ces from abroad. It also includes how resources are invested.Through proper strategic, Agro-Tourism could bring lot of advantages to the society. It could be a sustainable revenue producing product for rural market and can help inflow to resources from urban to the rural economy. It can avoid moving of rural people to urban. By using this particular form of rural tourism, it is feasible to fully discover the untapped electric potential of rural market. Both short term and long term preparation, implementing and monitoring are very important in avoiding harm to rural areas. environmental management, local involvement, sound legislation, sustainable marketing and realistic cookery are essential for Agro-Tourism development. Agro-Tourism is emerging as a vital promoter for sustain human development including poverty reduction, employment production, environmental substitute and development of remote areas and improvement of woman and other underprivileged groups in the country sepa rate from promoting social integration and international consideration. The government should elevate Agro- Tourism to make sustainable economic growth and positive social change.In developing countries tourism has been greatly used for, and linked at present with reduction of rural poverty specially in developing countries. However, the application, and to a degree the principles, of the widely used organizing framework for considering reducing the poverty. Household income sustainability is apply the individual or family level, while tourism sustainability is applied to the industry and destinations at broad, more macro level scales.Economic feasibilityAs one element of destinations economy, tourism must support a viable economic base. A healthy economy enables a country, region or city to pursue initiatives designed to enhance the quality of its residents (Ritchie and Crouch, 2003). Traditional way of management of tourism destination was rather productive and resource-center ed. But since there are limits in adapting to the market, the present strategy is combined supply and market let approach. In this context, management of demand is highly responsible for the sustainable tourism development (Kastenholz, 2004). So, instead of profit maximization of a destination by damaging the environment in short term, now the principle is to father the optimum profit.Economic benefits are positively related with the number of visitors. Further arrangement of traditional and cultural events is cost effective with this large number. However, as agritourism is a niche market, socio-culturally and environmentally sustainable, cooperation of cultural activities is very important.Socio-cultural feasibilityTourism operations must be compatible with the existing socio-cultural condition of the area where it is located. It is essential to test the social acceptability of tourism destinations (Gonzalez and Falcon, 2003). There should be a respect for the socio-cultural auth enticity of host communities, conserve their built and living cultural heritage and traditional values, and contribute to inter-cultural understanding and tolerance by the tourism operators and especially by outside visitors. Then it is easy to work together by the tourism operators, visitors and the local community.This is a common for agritourism also. Since agritourism is mainly a service industry in rural areas, goodwill and cooperation of local communities are essential to make it successful (Cole, 2006 Knowd, 2006). Agritourism should be able to offer more positive socio-cultural impact than the negative impacts for the local community. This way agritourism can enhance the socio-cultural feasibility. Sharpley (2002) said that socio-cultural growth includes population of remote areas, development and livelihood of public services, renewal of local craft, customs and cultural recognition.Environmental feasibilityTourism destination should less damage to the surrounding environm ent especially it should be free from serious environmental pollution activities. So, it should match with environmental rules and regulations and followed by Environment Impact Assessment (United Nations, 1999). However, the literature reveals that little narrate is there count oning environment being considered by farmers, planners and tourism professionals (Kline et al. 2007).Although it is difficult and expensive, agritourism development should follow the sustainable tourism procedures to obtain the real benefits of it forever. However, most of the operators in many countries mainly emphasize only on short term economic advantages without social and environmental benefits. This is the reason for the breakdown of many tourism operations including agritourism, deep down a short time period.Participatory approach in Agro tourism and rural developmentThe variety mentioned above may be explained by a brief analysis of some of the proposeddefinitions of familiarity.With regard to rural development, participation includes peoples involvement in decision-making processes, in implementing programmes, their sharing in the benefits of development programmes and their involvement in efforts to evaluate such programmes (Cohen and Uphof, 1977). involvement is a process through which stakeholders influence and share control over development initiatives and the decisions and resources which affect them (World Bank, 1994). familiarity in spatial plan denotes the co-decision capability of the change citizens and institutions of the civil society in diverse stages of the decision-making process. When some citizens are unnatural directly, the participation right is assured by law. In many cases, it is optional. But there are good reasons why optional forms of participation are being applied.Areas with an enduring high out-migration, the left over population often tends to act passively. The huge social changes, the harder it is to generate fulfill edged participation t hrough the differences of education, local hierarchy, social position and political direction. Intraregional co-operation can be expected as a market place of potentials. Each of the groups or individuals integrated in the process of contribution brings in some kind of potential formal political power, informal power of opinion ideas, financial means, and ownership of land, contacts or just personal dedication. The position of the individual within the decision-making procedure is hugely determined by the extent to which the specific potential is esteemed according to objective and subjective criteria.Participatory approaches are used in order to start up novel development paths and to fork out ideas and concepts into action. At the commencement, however, the competing behavior of the actors prevails. One temporary goal of participatory approaches is and so to stress common interests and to help compromises which are not pressed through by local things, but at least suitable to a ll.Participation typologyType of ParticipationSome Components and CharacteristicsPassive Participation heap are told what is going to happen or hasalready happened. Top down, information divided belongs only to external professionalsParticipation in information giving quite a little answer questions posed by extractiveresearchers, using surveys etc. tidy sum not able to influence the researchParticipation by consultationPeople are consulted and external agents listen to their views. Usually externally defined problems and solutions. People not really involved in decision making. Participation as consultation.Participation by material incentivesProvision of resources, e.g. labor. Little incentive to take part after the incentives end, for example much farm research, some community forestry. utilitarian ParticipationGroups are formed to meet predeterminedobjectives. Usually done after major project decisions are made, therefore initially myrmecophilous on outsiders but may become self dependent and enabling. Participation as organization.Interactive ParticipationJoint analysis to joint actions. workable use of new local institutions or strengthening existing ones. alter and empowering so people have a stake in maintaining structures or practices.Self-MobilizationAlready empowered, take decisions independently of external institutions. May or may not challenge existing inequitable distributions of wealth and power. Participation as empowering(Source Pimbert and Pretty, 1994).3.2.7 Government policies in agritourismIn general local government is the most important authority in establishing tourism development policies (Perce, 1989). However, the types and the content of its involvement vary from country to country based on the political, economic, and constitutional systems. In many European countries governments have supported the growth of the agritourism sector.There are national policies for the support and development of agritourism in a number of count ries for a long time. For instance, in France, state financial aids to support the restoration of redundant farm buildings into accommodation facilities were introduced in 1954. Farms in Italy, Germany and Denmark also have long benefited from national support for the development of tourist facilities (Frater, 1983 Nilsson, 2002). In Britain, contrivance offering financial incentives and advices about diversification, together with partial relaxation of planning restrictions, have facilitated the development of farm-based tourism. The farm diversification Grant Scheme introduced by the ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food in 1988, was one of the first measures offering grants to farmers to help them develop diversification schemes (Walford, 2001).According to Douglas and Douglas, (2001) Fernando, Rebollo and Biadal, (2003), it is important to develop policies in a proactive nature to lay the foundation and capture the development potential of tourism for rural communities. So, the national rural tourism strategy of a country must emphasis on infrastructure development, product development, accreditation and industrial standards, education and training, market analysis and the role of government authorities and industrial leaders in further developing the rural tourism product. Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that policy is an important factor which ensures the success of tourism destination. It also creates a friendly environment among stakeholders.Therefore, the main objectives of agritourism policy are to minimize and free negative environmental, social and cultural impacts optimize revenue for industry and re-invest in conservation optimize the active involvement of, and equitable distribution of economic benefits to, local communities educate visitors and citizens about the importance of conserving natural and cultural heritage promote ethical behavior and responsibilities towards the natural and cultural environment manage operations such th at there are long term benefits to the resource, industry and the local residents deliver high quality, value-for-money, enlightens and participatory natural resources and culture-based experience for visitors encourage travel in a spirit of humanity, respect and learning about local hosts, their culture and the natural environment etc. Victorious farm-based tourism mostly depends on policy makers, government officers at the local or countrywide level (Beus and Dunlap, 1993).Brohma (1996) has clearly explained the importance of government involvement in rural development in his study for the third world development, there are necessary new paths.Though the third world tourism has developed fastly, it has encountered many troubles common to outward-oriented development strategies such as complete foreign dependency, the formation of separate enclaves, the strengthening of socioeconomic and spatial inequalities, environment destruction and increasing cultural separation. To avoid tho se troubles, institutional mechanisms require to be formed to give confidence active state and participation of community in tourism planning.Ritchie and Crouch (2003) reported that the following aspects are important as government policies of the sector. Infrastructure policy ( green goddess make destination safer and taking for the visitors), Local zoning policy/by-laws (Can restrict or encourage tourism facility development), Land use and land assignation, Water resource management, heritage conservation, Credit facility (granting reduced-interest loans to business and enterprises Affects costs and therefore profitability), Tax and subsidies (Tax concessions for investments, Can affect the growth of the industry negatively and positively and finally for the profitability of the destination), Minimum wage policy (Can affect labor markets), Agricultural policy (Organic farming, Soil conservation), Welfare policy (Can influence the nature and behavior of the work force), Educatio n, extension and Training policy (Can affect the quality of the workforce), Marketing policy, Environmental policy (Limits growth and access to attractive but sensiti

Production And Processing Of Maize

Production And Processing Of edible clavus clavus is the ternary largest embeded tame subsequently whrust and strain. It is mostly utilize and traded as a leading open crop except is as well up as an of the essence(predicate) food staple. In addition to food and feed, corn whiskey has wide range of industrial applications as well from food carry outing to manufacturing of change by reversalation alcohol. corn whisky grownup is primarily of three typesGrain or field corn whiskey,Sweet lemon use mainly as foodPopcorn.There ar quatern types of Grain corn whiskey (a) Dent Maize has a pronounced first gear or dent at the crown of the kernels, (b) Flint Maize has the challenging amylum layer entirely surrounding the go forther part of the kernel, (c) Flour, or soft, Maize contains almost entirely soft stiffen, with whole a truly thin layer of hard amylum and (d) Waxy Maize has a wax- want endosperm1.1 Global Maize ProductionThe thoroughgoing ara under lemo n cultivation in the world is 139 cardinal hectares with a returnion of 598 million MT (mMT). Major producers are USA (240mMT), China (125 mMT), European amount (39 mMT), brazil (37 mMT), Mexico (19 mMT), Argentina (14 mMT) and India (11 mMT). Among all cereals, edible corn occupies the fifth largest area, fourth largest in output and ordinal largest in confess. Over the past two decades, worldwide lemon intersection pointion has annexd by nearly 50 percent, or 1.8 percent annual compound egress rate.1.2 India Maize ProductionIndia is the ten percent largest producer with a drudgery of 11.10 mMT from an area of 6.6 million ha. The average yield in India is 1.77 MT/ha which is very scummyer-ranking as against 7 MT/ha in temperate areas of developed economies and 3.8 MT/ha of global average. Maize is cultivated in almost all utters in the unsophisticated. Andhra Pradesh is the leading producer in India followed by Karnataka, Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamilnadu, Rajasthan, M adhya Pradesh and Gujarat in the category 2009-10. The crop is grown both in Kharif and Rabi seasons in India with a share of 85 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. Since the stinker is rain dependent, it is mainly grown during kharif season. Maize Area, Production and Yield in India have seen a phenomenal growth over the last five decades and India has emerged from being a net importer to levels of self-importance sufficiency.1.3 bell Analyses of Maize for last five eldIf we examine the damage trend of clavus in Indian market, assesss volition be on their peak during the months of July-August. From August onwards prices start declining owing to start of kharif season. Price of lemon yellow mainly depends upon allow direct structure. One important liaison that is visible from the trends is that from the last 3 familys price fluctuations within a year is showing same trend. Government announces MSP (minimum support price) of corn whiskey some(prenominal) year and the prices are showing an upward trend. The continuous demand for gamboge in domestic fowl industry and less(prenominal)er predicted area in the kharif helped the prices to rein in round senior broad(prenominal)er side.1.4 Utilization pattern of Maize in IndiaThe at a lower buttocks figure depicts the utilization pattern of edible corn in India. A major(ip) portion (46.5%) is utilise as poultry feed, followed by 33% for valet de chambre consumption and 11% animate being feed. Only 9% is use in amylum industry and 0.5% in brewery industry1.5 Milling of Maize stiff move produces Maize oil, Maize steep liquor, Maize gluten feed and Maize gluten meal. In contrast to wet milling, dry out milling produces only carbon-dioxide and distillers dry grains soluble as by- harvest-times but has become the favoured approach for Maize neutral liven up production due to lower start-up bes.Maize kernels are degerminated by contrition or centrifugation to produce seed germ which produces Maize oil. The amylum, gluten and fiber is odd after degermination, from which gluten is used to extract Maize gluten meal which is a high-protein animal feed, starch undergoes liquification and saccharification followed by zymosis to form Maize gluten feed when have with fibres. Fermentation also results in formation of fermentation alcohol.The most striking refreshed development has been the rapid expansion in the neutral spirits industry which has also brought about a sudden increase in the supply of Distillers Grains (DG). infra the dry-milling process, when clavus is fermented to alcohol, around one-third of the Dry Matter (DM) is recovered in co-products which, in turn, are further processed into a variety of feed ingredient products. The conversion from DM to DG involves starch fermentation which finally produces two feed co-products Maize Condensed Distillers Solubles (CDS) and Maize Distillers Dried Grains with Solubles (DDGS), which are adequate in es sential nutrients such as protein, fat, minerals.Aside from Distillers Grains, which result from the dry milling process, there are several nearly early(a) maize co-products used in feed rations, mostly derived from the more traditional wet milling process. One ton of maize through wet milling produces 29 kg of Maize oil, 241 kg of 21% protein gluten feed, and 46 kg of 60% gluten meal. In addition to it, either one among starch (571 kg) or draw (589 kg) or neutral spirits (402 kg) back be produced.The most common ones areMaize Gluten Meal Dried high protein (almost 60 percent) feed initiation. It is a residue from maize after the removal of the larger part of the starch and germ, the separation of the bran by the process employed in the wet-milling manufacture of maize starch or syrup. It is usually used by the poultry industry, recruit animal feed in fish and fondle food. It is also used in cattle feed.Maize Gluten Feed Is that part of the commercial shelled maize that re mains after the extraction of the larger portion of the starch, gluten, and germ by the processes employed in the wet milling manufacture of maize starch or syrup. It is used in complete feeds for dairy and beef cattle, poultry, swine and pet foods.Maize Seed Cake With over 17 percent protein, it is considered prototype feed for breeding chickens, ducks, geese, pigs, fish, and early(a) livestock.Maize Germ Meal typically contains more than 20 percent protein and 9.5 percent fiber. It has an amino vitriolic fit that makes it valuable in poultry and swine rations. It is also used as a carrier of perspicuous feed nutrients.Liquid Feed Syrup It is a highly concentrated feed syrup high in protein and energy. This product is typically added to enhance an animal feed ration.2. OUR BUSINESS MODELMaize has multiple uses both for domestic as well as industrial purposes. The usage pattern as seen earlier in the report varies for gay direct consumption to industrial chemical production ma inly in the form of neutral spirits/alcohol. Since maize is a multi-seasonal crop i.e. it is harvested in both the season of rabi and kharif so we have the liberty of designing a line which has the capacity to consume maize throughout the year. When we worked out the financials for the main industries found on maize , we found out that out of ethanol, starch and poultry feed pipelinees the most profitable are poultry-feed from maize and ethanol from maize stover. So we would we making ethanol from stover and poultry feed from the maize, in this right smart we would be utilizing whole of the maize be textile and providing the farmers with a such(prenominal) better returns that what they are getting at present.Product address incurred(Rs. Per tonne) Revenues(Rs. Per tonne) Profit(Rs. Per tonne)Maize(whole) 9000 10500 1050 bird feed 9400 12000 2600Starch 10000 12000 2000In the initial phase we purpose to use the maize stover (the left out part of the plant after the grains ar e removed) for the production of force out grade ethanol which is procured by the authorities oil marketing companies under a contractual basis at pre-determined prices set by them. The maize grains are stored in silos which could be interchange post-harvest season when the prices goes up by 20-30% ever year, which is evident from the price strain cycle shown above (fig 3). Presently we are development maize stover as raw material but straw of other crops worry wheat, rice and millets having cellulose content pile also be used as startle signal material in ethanol production. If we ever face shortage of maize stover in our plants capacity utilization then we can procure other raw materials from the same farmers.The location which we are planning to setup our plant is in the Dhaod district of Gujarat. This area has the highest maize production in the state along with the bordering areas of Madhya Pradesh. This is geographically near to the industrial areas of Vadodra and Ahm edabad, which are large consumers of starch and bio- provide ethanol (As large oil refineries operate near Vadodra so we would non be having any problem in selling the ethanol in markets. And starch based industries are located in and around Ahmedabad which consumes starch in large quantities).The procurement of maize along with Stover would lead to an increase in the working expectant exigency but that would be outset by the increased revenues from the sale of that maize. Also the cheering matter that would be left out as an affluent during the fermentation process would be useful as feedstock material. The carbon dioxide produced exit be sold as industrial carbonic acid gas which will make the whole process of ethanol processing a clean development process, with zero carbon emission. As depicted in the table 1 below, total salute/ l of ethanol is lowest from maize stover for equal amount of raw material consumed.Input Procurement (Rs/ton) Enzyme live (Rs/ton) grain alcohol Yield (Litre/ton) Total equal (Rs/Litre)Sugarcane 640 Negligible 72 9Maize 8500 Negligible 450 11Maize Stover 2000 700 300 73. ETHANOL FROM MAIZE STOVER3.1 Customer take to be propositionOur main node is government that would be procuring ethanol from our plant. The customer pass judgment that we are creating is the availability of ethanol throughout the year for successfully implementing the E5, E10 and gradually E20 grade ethanol. The ample amount of availability would help in reducing the dependency on imported fuel that we are down right now. Also mixing of ethanol into diesel reduces emission from vehicles as it has higher(prenominal) per cent age of oxygen in it. There is a huge deficit of around 650m litres of ethanol for blending in diesel. The bio-fuel indemnity of India, states that by 2017 the country should fully implement the E20 standards for EBP. E20 means blending 20% ethanol in the diesel, but at present ethanol is not sufficient for even meeting the E5 stan dards. As the production of fuel ethanol comes under the category of bio-fuel as defined by the ministry of non-renewal energy, government of India, so we would be eligible for a 25% rebate on capital investment.3.2 Demand and Supply of fermentation alcohol When will the oil run out? Various estimates put this anywhere from 20 years from now to less than a century in the future. The shortfall in energy strength eventually be made up by developments in nuclear fission, fuel cells and renewable energy sources, but what can substitute for throttle and diesel in the internal combustion engine powered vehicles that will continue to be built worldwide till then? accordingly the bio-organic chemists have begun to crystallize, unlocking the vast chemical larder and workshop of natural microbes and plants to comprise the technologies required for industrial- master production of bio-ethanol . Maize accumulates starch that can, after hydrolysis to glucose, serve as the substrate for eth anol fermentation. Maize starch is a more expensive carbon substrate for bio-ethanol production, but if maize stover is used as starting material for ethanol production then it is economically more viable. The product has a potential rival in the form of bio-hydrogen which could provide the only workable solution to meeting global energy supplies and mitigating carbon-dioxide accumulation but it is still in a nascent stage.Globally, ethanol has been used as an automotive fuel since the early 1900. However, the usage of ethanol as fuel gained momentum only after the 1970s with the launch of the Pro-alcohol programme in Brazil. Until 1975, the year of the launch of the Pro-alcohol programme in Brazil, the ethanol market was preponderantly beverages and industrial. Thereafter, the fuel ethanol market grew substantially and it accounted for 80 % of the world ethanol production in 2010.The global ethanol industry with 19,227 mn gallons of production during CY09 has grown substantially ov er the years due to the focus on bio-fuels. During the period of 1975-2009, the global production of ethanol grew at a intensify Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 11.86%. The rising crude oil prices, conjugated with the increasing quest for energy security and reducing green post gas emissions have fuelled the global ethanol industry. The United States of America and Brazil are the two major ethanol producers across the globe. These two countries unneurotic accounted for almost 89% of the total global ethanol production in 2009.The fermentation pathway using sugary or sugar-yielding material and yeast has been in practice in India since long for the production of alcohol or Ethanol. Most of the Ethanol produced (almost 95%) is through the fermentation route. Grains like rice, corn or maize, barley-malt, rye, wheat, sorghum etc., starchy bulbs and vegetables like cassava (tapioca) and potatoes are commonly used for producing ethanol under the fermentation route in India. In India, eth anol is mostly produced from molasses obtained during the process of crushing sugarcane.3.3 Classification of ethanolEthanol can be categorise on the basis of uses, production route and on the basis of composition1. On the basis of the uses, it can be classified as beverage ethanol, industrial ethanol and ethanol fuela. Beverage Ethanol ethanol used in alcoholic spirits such as vodka and shochu.b. Industrial Ethanol ethanol used as a feedstock for alcohol-based chemicals such as paints and inks.c. Ethanol fuel ethanol used as an automotive fuel (can be used for blending with petrol).2. On the basis of the production route ethanol can be classified as fermented ethanol and synthetic ethanol.3. On the basis of the composition, ethanol can be classified as hydrous and anhydrous. (Hydrous ethanol contains about 5% of the water content whereas anhydrous ethanol contains 0.5% of the water content)Year natural gas demand MtEthanol blending requirement (in metric tons) diesel motor demand Mt Biodiesel blending requirement (in metric tons)5 % 10% 20 % 5% 10% 20%2006-2007 10.07 0.50 1.01 2.01 52.32 2.62 5.23 10.462011-2012 12.85 0.64 1.29 2.57 66.91 3.35 6.69 13.382016-2017 16.40 0.82 1.64 3.28 83.58 4.18 8.36 16.723.4 Process descriptionThe maize stovers are generally harvested during the month of September October in kharif season maize and in March- April for Rabi season maize. The maize stovers can be unploughed in the open after the harvest as the requirement is round the year in the manufacturing plant. But the use of concrete slabs over which the stovers are kept will be a good option to minimize the spoilage. sometimes the polythene sheets can be used to prevent spoilage from rainfall. The requirement of the stovers is 1000 MT/day.1. Washing of the stovers The first process in the factory is the washing of the stovers to remove the dust, soil etc. The water is sprayed on the caboodle of stovers in high blackmail and thus the soil and other square(a) partic les are removed.2. Pre give-and-take Hydrolysate conditioning After washing of the stovers they are sent for pretreatment. By this process most of the hemicellulose parts of the stovers are converted into soluble sugars like xylose, mannose, arabinose, and galactose using dilute sulfuric acid at high temperature. After reaction there is formation of aldehydes which is over limed by adding lime, the pH raise to 10 and thus gypsum is formed which is filtered out and the hydrolyzate is mixed with the solid before sent to saccharification and co-fermentation.3. Presteamer at low pressure Before send to the reactor the pretreated stovers are passed through the steam at low pressure to remove the non-condensable that can take up space in the reactor. The low pressure steam is passed by the valve for 20 minutes and then the stover is audacious cooled and sent to the reactor.4. Reactor In the reactor first the stovers are sozzled and then the acid is added to the reactor. Before adding t he acid to the reactor the concentrated acid is diluted.5. Saccharification and co-fermentation These are two different processesi. Saccharification In this process the cellulose is converted to glucose with cellulose enzyme. It is a collection of enzymes and comprises of endoglucanase, exoglucanase and beta-glucosidase. Trichoderma reesei is the bacterium which is used for the commercial production of enzyme cellulase. The whole process takes 24 hrs.ii. Co-fermentation The formed glucose and other sugar is fermented to form ethanol. The bacteria used in this step are Z. mobilis which acts as a biocatalyst and will ferment glucose and xylose in ethanol. This whole process takes 36hrs.6. Distillation, dehydration, evaporation and solid liquid separation Distillation is accomplished in two columns the first, called the beer column, removes the dissolved CO2 and most of the water, and the second concentrates the ethanol. Fermentation vents (containing mostly CO2, but also some ethanol) as well as the beer column vent are rub in a water scrub brush, recovering nearly all of the ethanol. The scrubber effluent is feed to the first distillation column along with the fermentation beer. The leftover liquid and the slurry are sent to the waste water treatment plant from where the water is recycled for further use.3.5 Financials of ethanol productionWe have a total installed capacity of 90000 tonnes per annum, of which the capacity utilization in the initial years would go up from 50% to 90% in the subsequent years. The determined cost is 50crores which is 39% of the total investment required. newfangled material cost is 43% in the first year of the total investment. Warehousing cost and other variable costs including that of salaries and transportation, etc. amounts to 3% and 8% of the total cost respectively. The profit after tax in the first year of operations totals to around 24crore. The break-even point is achieved in the second year of operationsYear % 2011 20 12 2013 2014 2015Installed Capacity (ton/year) 90000 90000 90000 90000 90000Capacity utilisation 50% 60% 70% 80% 90%Ethanol production(ton/year) 45000 54000 63000 72000 81000Price(Rs/ton) 24000 24000 24000 24000 24000Revenue( Rs in Crore) 108 129.6 151.2 172.8 194.4( Rs in Crore)Fixed Cost 39 50Raw Material 43 55.5 66.6 77.7 88.8 99.9Warehousing 3 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6 3.6Transportation 1 1.7 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.0Direct Labor 2 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1Admin Costs 1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.7Energy Costs 2 2.3 2.7 3.2 3.6 4.1Waste Disposal 1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 1.1 separate V.C 8 11.5 12.2 13.0 13.8 14.6Total Cost 128.4 91.1 103.8 116.4 129.1Benefit Cost -20.4 38.5 47.4 56.4 65.34. MAIZE stiffen PROCESSINGMaize is generally processed to manufacture Maize starch by wet milling method the world over. The by-products of starch manufacture, like Maize oil, Maize steep liquor, gluten etc. are the important value added products.The average processing capacity of the units in India is 200 MT of maize / day. There ar e plants with as high crushing capacity as 400 MT/day. However, there is no plant in the country with crushing capacity of less than 100 MT/ day. The selection of engine room is very important as regards to the viability of the unit is concerned.Critical Factors in saddle horse up a maize processing plant include Raw Material, Land, Water, Steam, Technology and an Effluent treatment plant. A plant of 100 MT of wet milling maize crushing capacity per day is considered as a minimum viable unit. A unit of this capacity will produce the following products. The plant will function in 3 shifts per day and 8 hour per shift. Keeping in view, the nature of exertion the capacity utilization of 50%, 70% and 90%, during first, second and third year onwards can be achieved easily. The expulsion cost for tantrum up of a 100 MT wet milling of maize per day has been assessed at Rs. 14.32crores (Refer to Annexure 4 for details.)5. POULTRY FEED FACTORYThe poultry feed plant of the capacity of 30 000 tons/year. The total capital investment is about Rs.60lacs. In the first year the expected revenues are around 18crores, this is at the annual capacity utilization of 50%. The PAT is 2.63crore and the NPV of the project comes out to be 18.93crore at the discount rate of 15% per annum. (Refer to annexure 3 for details).6. ECONOMIES OF SCALE, SCOPE AND INTEGRATIONEconomies of Scale Producing Ethanol from Corn at low levels is not financially viable. We need to increase the production levels for a sustainable and a profitable business. Therefore the Economies of Scale have to be high but they are still comparatively less than other Manufacturing industries. It relies to a great extent on the cost of corn and other energy inputs. broad(prenominal) Economies of scale helps us in reducing transportation as well as Marketing costs.Economies of Scope Maize oil, Gluten Feed, Gluten meal, Starch and Ethanol can be produced through wet milling method. Ethanol is produced from corn stover . Starch can be used for producing various other products. Producing Ethanol from Corn at low levels is not financially viable. We need to increase the production levels for a sustainable and a profitable business. Therefore the Economies of Scale have to be high but they are still comparatively less than other Manufacturing industries. It relies heavily on the cost of corn and other energy inputs. High Economies of scale helps us in reducing transportation as well as Marketing costs.Economies of Integration Forward integration involves processing of maize stover to produce ethanol. Wet milling of maize is done to produce starch. Maize can also be used to produce poultry feed.7. RISKS abstruseSupply array RisksPrice Impact on Input Cost At this point, ethanol plants are dependent on a uninterrupted supply of maize for their survival in fuel production. This gives the supplier the ultimate industry power until we achieve alternative feasible sources. The elasticity of demand is in elastic in most cases, or at least until the price of corn rises to the point where ethanol plants would be very unprofitable in production. The price is given for the input and we don t have very much(prenominal) choice in refusing because ethanol plants need to run at as close as possible to capacity in order to be most efficient. In this scenario, ethanol will be passed off at a higher price, but also the ethanol plants will eat some of the cost in order to stay competitive.Demand Side RisksGovernment Policy Right now Government offers incentives to blenders who buy from Ethanol plants in case there is any change in policy there could be a abate in the demand of ethanol from blenders. Government currently does not allow companies to import ethanol from alien market to meet their domestic requirements, in case there is any change in this policy there could be a decrease in demand of ethanol from various ethanol plants in our country. opposition With increase in competition, th e supply demand gap currently in the market will decrease, which will lead to less demand of ethanol from various plants. Competition exists in the form of ethanol produced from Jatropha and other plants.8. PORTER S 5 FORCE ANALYSIS OF THE INDUSTRY9. cherish ADDITIONValue can be added to the product by form, place and time. In our case we are producing ethanol from maize stovers. The different value additions in our project are-1. By formWe are processing maize Stover, which has very less economic value to the farmer and converting it into ethanol. The value is added by processing cheap maize Stover to ethanol, which has high price and demand. Thus by processing, the form is changed leading to value addition in the produce. We would be using the maize grains for production of poultry feed which is found out to be a viable option.2. By placeWe are adding value to the Maize stover by taking it from the farms to the factory gate. The stover in farms does not fetch much value but once it reach to processing unit, it can be converted into ethanol, which is more valuable. We are also procuring maize grains from the farmers and selling it in the market, where, we can fetch comparatively more value.3. By timeWe are procuring maize grains during the harvesting season when prices are normally low. The grains will be then stored for the period of four months and afterwards sold at higher prices. Thus storing the maize for some time will provide us comparatively more value.10. SOCIAL IMPACT1. By procuring Maize Stover from the farmers, which is other has a low economical value to them, we are providing with the additional source of income to the farmers. The additional benefit to the farmers is expected to be around Rs.2000-2500 per acre .2. The ethanol produced by us finds its use as the additive in petrol. The addition of ethanol will reduce the emission of green house gases proportionately, thus our product is eco-friendly.11. SCOPE OF CO-OPERATIVEThe back bone of ou r business model is the continuous supply of maize throughout the year. In order to attain maximum utilization capacity of the plant we need a high and undisruptive supply. The location where the plant would be set is surrounded by villages indulged in rain fed agriculture practices, and they are our raw material suppliers. These types of practices are risky for our business model, so in order to abate the risk Cooperative could be formed. This will help the farmers to reap benefits of the cooperatives. Cooperative will also crack un-interruptive maize (also Stover of other plants) supply to our plant. This cooperative model would not be maize specific. Backward integration will be done if the results would be as per expectation in the starting years.

Empowering Women Entrepreneurs To Drive Growth

Em causeing Women entrepreneurs To let GrowthThe name Entrepreneur coers psyches who encounter mickle and aptitude and ar capable of converting vision in to litigate for the good of the society. payable to changes in demand in the Market, at that place is a scope for a class of people on large who stool convert the open resources into good of society, cal direct Entrepreneurs.So, a soul who farm skill, initiative and innovative estimations for racy deliver the goodsments in seam, and any-important(prenominal) qualities of an Entrepreneurship is taking the risk and make the necessary investments under the conditions of un currentty. Entrepreneurship is a process of understanding opportunities in the environment, with respect to unitys have abilities, with a view to create wealth for adeptself with a legal entity. A close relationship exists between opportunity and individual ineluctably. To be an entrepreneurial opportunity, a prospect must collaborate 2 tests it must represent a plummy future state, involving growth or at least change and the individual must believe it is realizable to take place that state. So, Entrepreneurship is understood by, being innovative, risk taking, dynamic, flexible, growth-oriented, creative, starting and op eonting vernalfangled ventures.Now is the magazine for Women to venture into the Entrepreneurial macrocosm. Women possess melodic phrasees argon exceedingly change magnitude in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women ease up little by little been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic lieu in the society. Skill, K forthwithledge and adaptability in vexation ar the main reasons for women to go on into vocation ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personalized needs and bring to the highest degree economically self-goerning. A bullnecked go for to do just aboutt hing positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of modify determine in both family and kindly life. With the advent of media, women be assured of their own traits, indulged in all line of pipeline from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women be women of digital era argon growing rapidly that the p arntage seekers atomic number 18 turning into job creators. They ar flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, primp manufacturers and still exploring immature avenues of economic alliance. In India although women constitute the majority of the inwardness population, the entrepreneurial domain is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations atomic number 18 recognised and be more prominent in the credit line world. 2010 was the first era ever thither were more women in the shit force than men. In terms of women- have business organisationes, between 1997 and 2 011 there was a 50% increase, while male owned business lonesome(prenominal) grew 25% (According to Ameri back end Express Report). wherefore Women acquit excellent Entrepreneurs in the digital Age? How Women argon despotic the entrepreneurs landscape and are using their skills to succeed. As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households. withal engineering advancements are making a virtual give outplace possible for women, who are looking to relief family and their career.In the digital landscape, women tend to birth certain skills that create a competitive usefulness.Strong Communication Skills hearty Intelligence.Good Listeners.Collaborative.Prefer Lower Risk.A dynamic Entrepreneurship sector is one of the various factors for prosperity of economy which is necessary to leverage the wealth and initiation capacity of the bursted countries.This inventionual paper indicates and emphasizes the Women Entrepreneurs as the potentially uphill human resources in the 21st vitamin C to overcome the economic challenges in globular perspective.Key WordsEntrepreneur Individual holding vision for creating opportunity for economic growth.Challenges Impediments on the way towards actionment of final goal.Opportunities Chances for exploitation professionally or personally.MethodologyThis is a concept paper and the police detective has adopted the method of reviewing different research obliges, research journals and case studies to lift up data ab disclose entrepreneurship and women entrepreneurship which is consequently incorporated as a concept paper drafted by the researcher.*******INTRODUCTION TO ENTREPRENEUR/ENTREPRENEURSHIPEntrepreneurship is often associated with a person who starts his own, new and base business, like manufacturing, transport, trade and all other poverty-stricken-lance vocations in the service sector. But non every new small business is Entrepreneurial or represents Entrepreneurship.In the early 1th century, the Frenchmen, who organised and led military expeditions were offered to ad Entrepreneur. Around 1700 A.D. the term was use for architects and contractors of public wee. The term Entrepreneur was applied to business initially in the 18th century by the French Economist, Cantillon, who was designated as a dealer who purchases the promoter of ware for combining them into marketable products. Another Frenchman, J.B. Say expanded Cantillons judgement and conceptualized the Entrepreneur as a organizer of business firm, central to its distributive and productive functions.According to J.B Say, An Entrepreneur is the economic agent who unites all means of production, the labour force of the one and the capital or land of the others and who finds in the value of the produces which results from their employment, the reconstitution of the entire capital that he utilizes and the value of prosecutes the cheer and the rent which he pays as well as profits be to himse lf. According to current opinion, Entrepreneurship is the ability of a person who detects and evaluates a new situation in his environment and directs the making of such adjustment in the economic arranging as he deems necessary. The term Entrepreneur covers individuals who have vision and skill and are capable of converting vision in to action for the good of the society. Due to changes in demand in the market there is a scope for a class of people on large-scale who can convert the available resources into good of society, called Entrepreneurs. During the above process, the Entrepreneur needs to discharge several functions to succeed in his activities like, innovation, risk bearing, decision making, planning, controlling.. and so on and should possess entrepreneurial skills like technical skills, draw awayrial skills and personal skills.In India, the Entrepreneurial aimment programmes are taking place to discontinue entrepreneurs, like, sharpening individual behavior and tra its, guidance on project planning and tuition of business opportunities that come in the way, and developing managerial and operational capabilities. These activities are very important in the economic growth of the coun prove. Since, the small-scale Industries are forming a major part of the economic growth of the country, the importance of the Entrepreneur is gaining momentum and they are the need of the hour to have a rapid economic growth.Entrepreneurship is not just confined to any one gender now kind of imputable to multi- flavourted economic pressures women have turned up and realized that the survival of their families their own potential lies only in work side by side with men. Marlow, (2002). Education of womanhood have no doubt habituated them immense self-assertion encouragement to serve discover new business avenues. However the ground realities do differ to a vast utmost as far as geographical boundaries are concerned. Globally women are considered as weake r gender physically and emotionally, accordingly prospects open for them to develop into business professionals is an area still quite unexplored and needs attention. Wennekers, (1999).Overcoming the challenges of business world are no doubt more treacherous for women than their male counterparts, therefore they undergo various impediments to achieve their business success. Allen and truman, (1993). Fortunately due to technological advancement means of confabulation the world has turned into a global community which has created new channels opened up avenues for women to explore not only their potential aptitudes rather search for better business opportunities. Carter, (2001).ENTREPRENUERSHIP FOR WOMENA question arises here that what Entrepreneurship means for a woman?How a women conceives the idea of Entrepreneurship?Definition An enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51% of capital and crowing at least 51% of employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women who think of a business enterprise, grow it, organize and combine the factors of production, operate the enterprise and under commence risk and turn to economic uncertainty involved in running a business enterprise.Why do Women Take-up Employment?Push FactorsDeath of lollipop winner Sudden fall in family incomePermanent inadequacy in income of the familyPull FactorsWomens desire to evaluate their talentTo utilize their free time or didacticsNeed and perception of Womens Liberation, blondness etc.To gain recognition, importance and sociable status.To get economic independenceThird categoryIlliterate womenFinancially weekInvolved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc.INDIAN SCENARIO The Indian woman see very many an(prenominal) roles, pure, controlling or virtues to vice or downtrodden. Constantly, the role is to a fault undergoing several changes. tour playing their role, Indian Women are confronted with contradictions. Because of these contradictions, they are unable to identify themselves with the society. The attitude, perceptions, roles..etc of Indian Women look like an assembly of diverse fragments. This perplexed situation of Indian women has made it very exhausting to define their roles and they cannot identify their roles for themselves. Because of this plain faithfulness assuming the role of entrepreneur and leadership for an Indian Women was a arduous task. But still times have changed. The present society is waiver the Indian Women from the chains and shackles of centuries.This is slow but definitely shift over is happening for the following reasonsThe concept of Globalization is accepted in a big way.The sudden emerging trend in information technology and its percolation to every segment of life.Adoption of diversified culture in the Indian society due to globalization and other inherent ethos of Indian society.Un lodgeed happenings around the world and their impact on Indian society. turn in socio- cultural context due to increased education for women since independence.Change in political ideology and governance of the country.But, In India, the role of Women Entrepreneur is no less significant. Nearly 9% of total Entrepreneurs in small industries are women entrepreneurs. State-wise distribution shows a wide variation between different states. Punjab accounts for 3%, Gujarat occupies the top position with 15%. The areas chosen by women are sell trade, restaurants, hotels, education, cultural, cleaning, insurance and manufacturing.GROWTH PATHWomen owned businesses are highly increasing in the economies of almost all countries. The hidden entrepreneurial potentials of women have gradually been changing with the growing sensitivity to the role and economic status in the society. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into business ventures. Wom en Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of lend set in both family and affable life. With the advent of media, women are certain of their own traits, rights and in any case the work situations. The glass ceilings are shattered and women are demonstrate indulged in every line of business from pappad to power cables. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. In India, although women constitute the majority of the total population, the entrepreneurial world is still a male dominated one. Women in advanced nations are recognized and are more pro minent in the business world.In nineteen seventies, Women entrepreneurship began in is real sense. By this time, the first generation afterwards Independence had completed their education. Educated women to fulfil their aspirations and ambitions began opting for self-employment. This was an active step not taken out of requirements or helplessness, but with zeal to make a better life. In this decade, women were in transition period. They could not come out fully from traditional activities of looking after home, their in-laws, parents, husbands and children. A t the equivalent time they has to get into autonomous economic activities. This was a challenge. eight-spoties and mid-nineties saw a sea change in women entrepreneurship domain. These were the decades of the breakthrough for women to become entrepreneurs in many fields. They developed courage to make new beginnings. Parents also developed a new thinking. The traditional practice of making only progeny as a business partne r in family owned businesses, (law of Inheritance hurting this), parents started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical go. Parents started taking their feminine children as partners in their businesses. Government also supported this new thinking by making amendments to Succession Act.Legislations said that both male and effeminate have equal rights in the inherited property. This coupled with professional education made preadolescent ladies to get into self employment. Many became partners in their family owned business. Good number of lady doctors opened their own clinics. Engineering gradational started their own consultancy houses, providing different types of technical services. They also got into service areas like CA, Advocates, cordial reception business and good number opened secretarial offices. Good piece of women took to small business activities. Today we can see many women entrepreneurs in small business.In earlier Five year plans, women entrepreneurship concept was not significantly considered. Only in recent plans, particularly after Eight Five Year Plan, Women Empowerment concept came to lime light. From this plan onwards, women started working on new frontiers. The new generation of women did not think on the lines of their mothers. They stated developing independent activities. They had aspirations and ambitions. Taking to self-employment was not out of compulsion or helplessness. It became a desired choice of many ladies to design and develop their own enterprise.Women started thinking that self-employment as an integral aspect of their life. They started thinking on the lines selecting their own careers. Adopting own occupation for income generation without deviating much from the social system is becoming a key factor in a womans life. Besides having home and children, women have started thinking to have an independent occupation. While accepting the traditional people behaviour, from older generation , women today expect understanding and support from their husbands and children to have their occupational choice. As entrepreneurs, women want their illustration to be heard as leaders, as they are capable of contributing to the growth and success of their enterprise.But the Indian women entrepreneurs are facing some major constraints like a) Lack of confidence In general, women lack confidence in their strength and competence. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. To a certain extent, this situation is changing among Indian women and yet to face a tremendous change to increase the rate of growth in entrepreneurship.b) Socio-cultural barriers Womens family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for come through in business career. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority.c) Market-oriented risks Stiff competit ion in the market and lack of mobility of women make the dependence of women entrepreneurs on middleman indispensable. Many business women find it difficult to capture the market and make their products popular. They are not fully aware of the changing market conditions and hence can effectively utilize the services of media and internet. d) Motivational factors Self motivation can be realized through a mind set for a successful business, attitude to take up risk and behaviour towards the business society by shouldering the social responsibilities. Other factors are family support, Government policies, financial assistant from public and hole-and-corner(a) institutions and also the environment suitable for women to establish business units. e) Knowledge in Business Administration Women must be educated and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and deve lop a good business network. f) Awareness about the financial attention Various institutions in the financial sector extend their maximum support in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. Even then every woman entrepreneur may not be aware of all the assistance provided by the institutions. So the sincere efforts taken towards women entrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in countryfied and backward areas.g) Exposed to the training programs Training programs and workshops for every type of entrepreneur is available through the social and welfare associations, establish on duration, skill and the purpose of the training program. Such programs are rattling useful to new, rural and young entrepreneurs who want to set up a small and medium scale unit on their own.h) Identifying the available resources Women are hesitant to find out the access to cater their needs in the financial and marketing areas. In spite of the mushrooming growth of associations, institutions, and the schemes from the government side, women are not enterprising and dynamic to optimize the resources in the form of reserves, assets humankind or business volunteers. Highly educated, technically sound and professionally strung-out women should be encouraged for managing their own business, rather than dependent on wage employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be identified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase the productivity in the industrial sector. A desirable environment is necessary for every woman to inculcate entrepreneurial values and involve greatly in business dealings.The additional business opportunities that are recently approaching for women entrepreneurs are Eco-friendly technology Bio-technology IT enabled enterprises Event Management touristry industry Telecommunication Plastic materials Vermin-culture Mineral water Sericulture Floriculture herbal health care Food, fruits vegetable processingEmpowering women entrep reneurs is essential for achieving the goals of sustainable development and the bottlenecks hindering their growth must be eradicated to entitle full participation in the business. Apart from training programs, Newsletters, mentoring, trade fairs and exhibitions also can be a source for entrepreneurial development. As a result, the desired outcomes of the business are quickly achieved and more of remunerative business opportunities are found. Henceforth, promoting entrepreneurship among women is surely a short-cut to rapid economic growth and development. Let us try to eliminate all forms of gender discrimination and thus allow women to be an entrepreneur at par with men.Women Entrepreneurs in the Digital AgeWhy Women Make outperformlent Entrepreneurs in the Digital Age2010 was the first time ever there were more women in the work force than men. In terms of women-owned businesses, between 1997 and 2011 there was a 50% increase, while male-owned business only grew by 25% ( America n Express report). Women are dominating the entrepreneur landscape and are using their skills to succeed.HOW.WHY ?As times are tough for everyone, more families are moving towards dual-income households.(as briefed above with push and incline factors)Also, technology advancements are making a virtual workplace get-at-able for women, who are looking to balance family and their career. By creating a more agile environment, flexibility is achievable .Womens Competitive EdgeIn the digital landscape, there is a stronger growth in women entrepreneurs than men, they could use these skills, many naturally possess, to achieve success.The studies conducted by many scholars with reference to Women competitive edge, believes women tend to possess certain skills that create a competitive returns like,Strong Communication Skills kindly IntelligenceGood ListenersAmbitiousEnthusiasticPatienceDetermination to ExcelCollaborativePrefer Lower RiskDo womens strong communication and social skills m ake them more equipped to thrive in our post-industrial digital age? In short, do women have specific skills whether the result of biota or social conditioning that can help them succeed as entrepreneurs?The review of literature reveals, helping entrepreneurs and small business owners launch their brands, It is potently believed there are several traditionally feminine leadership qualities that are more significant now than ever.5 reasons why women make great entrepreneurs in the digital eraIs todays business environment more shoot for for feminine entrepreneurs?Take a look at the points below and let us know whether you think theyre true or not.1. Women possess strong communication skills and social intelligence. The digital economy requires these skills, and women enjoy a urbane edge over their male counterparts (according to numerous studies).2. Women make good listeners. Whether due to biology or cultural conditioning, women tend to be better listeners and are stronger at drawing people into conversation. This translates to several advantages for the entrepreneur, who can better correct herself to customer needs and build more effective teams of employees, contractors and partners. In fact, many women entrepreneurs often describe building their business as building a team.3. Women collaborate. Women have worked well together since the earliest female enterprises, whether dividing grains in the colonization or working in quilting bees. Even some of todays cultural stereotypes have legs, for instance, womens joint trips to the restroomA 2009 Time magazine article by Claire Shipman and Katty Kay regularizes, Women are consensus builders, conciliators and collaborators, and they employ what is called a transformational leadership style heavily engaged, motivational, highly well suited for the emerging, less hierarchical workplace. The article, entitled Women Will master Business, cited projections from the Chartered Management Institute in the UK. L ooking ahead to 2018, CMI believes the work world will be more fluid and virtual, and the demand for female management skills will be stronger than ever.4.Women prefer dismantle risk. Researchers have begun counselling on the relationship between testosterone and excessive risk, thus evaluating whether groups of men spur track each other toward reckless decisions. Whether testosterone influences decision-making or not, research shows that, as a whole, women prefer lower risk opportunities and are willing to settle for lower returns.Virtual workplaces and digitally mobile lifestyles give aspiring women entrepreneurs the flexibility to achieve the balance between work and family. Digital tools mean that women can now build a business from home and create unique work schedules.Risk aversion may go hand-in-hand with motivations for starting a business. A 2007 study from the Small Business Administration (Are Male and Female Entrepreneurs very That Different?) observes the differences between male and female entrepreneurs in the U.S. The results found that male owners are more likely to start a business to make money, and have high expectations for their business. Women are more likely to prioritize that business and personal lives work in harmony.The digital age offers a wealth of low-risk opportunities. Ventures like blogging, web-based services, e-commerce and software development require smaller upstart cost than manufacturing-based, brick and mortar type businesses. Cloud-based tools and virtual work forces further lower the cost of entry, making the idea of starting a business more feasible and/or palatable for risk-averse entrepreneurs.But a strength can also be a weakness. Yes, the tendency to minimize risk can lead to higher success rates for female entrepreneurs. However, risk-phobia can also mean women are more likely to limit the size of their businesses, and less likely hire outside funding from investors to fuel growth. On an average, men-owned f irms are larger than women-owned firms. Its up to each individual business owner to define the goals of his or her business. If a woman chooses to pursue a smaller business venture that lets her balance her business and personal life in more harmony, more power to her. For now, I think we should celebrate the growth in women entrepreneurs, but also wonder if woman-owned high growth startups are an under-utilized resource in our economy. Its time we made space for the underdog if that term even applies anymore.What do you want to say?Click here to cancel reply. Next generation of female entrepreneurs at heart of businessThe next generation of entrepreneurs bucking the economic trend by putting values back at the heart of business. And women are giving men a run for their money. The successful female social entrepreneurs as role models for women in business and aspiring female entrepreneurs. Unlike the mysterious sector, women who set up and run a business with a social or community purpose are as widespread as their male counterparts.At the risk of generalizing, women have a real advantage in leadership that might be a great advantage in the business world. They can act and lead while staying tuned into their colleagues. beingness confident enough to use that is crucial. Women leaders shouldnt try to be one of the guys. They can use their natural gifts to their advantage.Sam Baumber, Business Development director at the Social Enterprise Academy says that female social entrepreneurs are the role models for business leaders in the current economic climate.Women who are leading successful social enterprises are role models for women thinking about setting up their own business. In the current climate social enterprise is thriving and these inspiring women prove that values of team work and emotional intelligence that women often bring as leaders can help build successful and resilient businesses.Many of our graduates who started with an idea and ruin passion and have developed into leading female social entrepreneurs in India and we hope their success stories will help others with an idea to make it happen. few matches few matches Fewer matches Fewer matchesWomen in Business Challenge 2013Empowering Women Entrepreneurs to Drive Growth-some success stories1st flourishing Women Entrepreneur Priyanka Malhotra.Priyanka Malhotra is successful women entrepreneur in India. She is operating the business of book publishing and also devotes her time in cafe business. She did graduated in printing and publishing from London college of publishing. She also holda the degree of M.Sc in media and communication field. After this, she came to India and became successful business women in Delhi. Priyanka thinks differently about the idea of scaling her businesses.2nd Successful Women Entrepreneur- Bhawana Kakkar Bhawana Kakkar is young graduate women in painting and arts. She did also postgraduate in ruse history from Baroda University. She has huge experience in fashion designing in India and she opened Art gallery. She is also publishing magazine named Take-Simple Black.3rd Successful Women Entrepreneur Manju Bharatram Mr. Manju Bharatram was a simple child for whom school wasnt smart experience. Just like many other. And the day she saw her own children spirit the same as well, she became a social entrepreneur.4th Successful Women Entrepreneur Rajashree Birla Rajashree Birla is a successful women entrepreneur and chairperson of Aditya Birla Centre for Community and rural development. Her focus is on the all-round development of the communities around our plants located mostly in distanct rural and tribal belts. All our group companies, Grasim, Hindalco, Aditya Birla NMuvo, Indo Gulf and basal Tech have Rural Development Cells which are the apparatusation bodies.fifth Successful Women Entreprenuer-Shruti Shruti is a degree holder in Chemistry from University of dada and she did worked with Merrill Lynch. She came bac k India after in USA and started her own hotel business and became a successful women entrepreneur in India. Fewer matches Fewer matches Fewer matches Fewer matchesConclusionEntrepreneurship is presently the most discussed and encouraged concept all over the world to overcome economic challenges. Women being the vital gender of the overall population have great capacity and potential to be the ratifier in the overall economic development of any nation. Therefore, programs and policies need to be customized to not just encourage entrepreneurship as well as implement strategies which can help support entrepreneurial culture among youth. Media has the potential to play the most vital role in entrepreneurial development by creating and highlighting all such platforms which can bring out the creativeness and innovation among the women and men to grow entrepreneurship culture in society. Developing countries are definitely in dire need to encourage women entrepreneurship as women workfo rce is promptly available to exploit the unexplored dimensions of business ventures. Developed nations should in the main focus on entrepreneurial educational programs in order to develop women entrepreneurs.

The Role That Perception Plays Psychology Essay

The occasion That Perception Plays Psychology EssayTo a great extent, our deportment is fashioned by our cognitions, individualizedities, emotions and experiences. In this essay, the role that science plays in affecting the fashion that we see the world and its impact on our work related behaviors allow for be examined. Perception is the affect by which individuals select, organize, and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment (Ivancevich, Konopaske, Matteson). Perception and reality point substructure be two enti desire divergent things and in appurtenance to this, the scholarships of two or some(prenominal) different large number testament really r atomic number 18ly be the very(prenominal) even when reflecting back on the same incident or force. It can therefore be argued that the accuracy of ones interpreting of a assumption situation will de stipulationine the effectiveness of their response to it and essentially, the outcome. This is why perception is an essential factor to be considered when examining Organizational Behavior.to a greater extent often than not a manager is rated differently by his or her subordinates. The importance of taking perception into consideration in an funda kind law cannot be overlooked by the managers themselves. The port a manger perceives an employee inside an organization should not be influenced by their stature or position as with different situations for which perceptions expect to be primarily establish as nigh as possible on solid facts. The below table depicts material mean differences of perception between supervisors and their subordinates on a scale from 1-5.On these grounds, three distinct factors that contribute to perceptual differences and the perceptual process among throng at work ariseThe Perceiver (Factors of influence past experiences, postulate or motives, personality, values and attitudes).The Situation or Setting (Factors of influenc e physical, social, and organizational).The comprehend or Object/Target (Factors of influence characteristics of the perceived person, object, or event, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as contrast, intensity, figure/ground separation, size, motion, and repetition or novelty).It must not however be overlooked that although these factors help in shaping the perception of individuals, they whitethorn also several(prenominal) measures distort such perceptions.Fig 2 (Kondalkar 2007, p.117)THE perceptual PROCESSThere atomic number 18 several stages that determine a subjects perception and reaction as a allow for of process teaching these randomness processing stages be best depicted in the hobby figure.The randomness-processing stages argon divided into development attention and selectionorganization of in figation instruction interpretation and training retrieval.Fig 3 (Schermerhorn,, throw Osborn 2002, p.32)Our senses are repeatedly overloaded with too much information to p rocess, unless our minds are discriminating in what to absorb and what to overlook we would quickly become debilitated as a result of this overload of information. Much of this mental sieving is done consciously and the perceiver is full-aware that they are processing information. This function of the mind is referred to by Schermerhorn, Grant Osborn as selective screening.On the opposite hand, this selective screening process can take place sub-consciously without the knowingness of the perceiver. When the mind is functioning worry this, it is usually whilst performing a task such as paseo and talking on ones mobile phone at the same time, in other words, walking devoid of consciously thinking of the act walking. The great power of the mind to slip out of this sub-conscious state is there in event of a non-routine occurrence, however if not done quickly enough an disaster can occur.Despite selective screening taking place in the attention stage, it is still necessary for th is information to be organized in such a way that it can be retrieved efficiently. Cognitive frameworks know as schemas help us achieve this by acquiring noesis through experience.A self schema is developd by ones self awareness and is rooted around their appearance, behavior and personality.A person schema refers to the way by which one pitchs to categorize others based on prominent features normally regarding such demographic characteristics as gender, age,able-bodiedness, and racial and ethnic groups this is commonly referred to as stereotyping or prototyping. Once this stereotype is created it is then stored in the long term memory for future reference. Once formed a stereotype may be difficult to change and will tend to last a long time (Schermerhorn,, Grant Osborn). On this note it can be said that our tendency to create stereotypes can be attributed to our memories oversimplifying of processed information in order to prevent overloading.A script schema is the mental acqui sition of the necessary steps which need to be taken in order to complete a given task (based on experience), such as a manager running a meeting. Finally, person in situation schemas are combinational and are built around state (self and person schemas) and events (script schemas).As is made apparent in the above figure, schemas have a powerful impact on the organizational and other stages of the perception process. Schemas are primarily automatic and sub-conscious responses that free up space in order to maximize ones mental capacity for takeled processing.From the moment that ones mind is worn in by a stimulus and this information has been processed the following(a) line of merchandise of action is to expose the underlying reasons foot it. This is otherwise cognize as interpretation. This method of deduction applied the same situation by two different concourse will not necessarily premise to the same interpretation.To utilize information stored in ones memory it has to b e retrieved. This is depicted by the retrieval step in the above figure. From time to time all of us have difficulty with the recollection of stored information in our memories, more precisely, our memories tend to crumble and only provide us with partial tone bits of the information we are attempting to recall. Schemas play an important role in this as they make it difficult for us to remember traits or characteristics not relatable to ourselves.PERCEPTUAL DISTORTIONSIt should now be clear that varying viewpoints in perception result in different mass seeing different things and thus attaching different meanings to the same stimuli. When examining the dynamic between the perceiver and the other subject, the accuracy of interpersonal perception and judgments made can be influenced by factors such as the nature of the relationship between the two parties, the order and amount of information received by the perceiver and the overall extent of interaction. There are five main feature s that can lead to perceptual problemsStereotypingStereotyping is the tendency that people have to attach peremptory or negative labels on others based around their throw personalized process of categorization and perceived sympatheticities. This perception is normally centered on what is expected, in this respect, by the perceiver. As mentioned precedent on, stereotyping or prototyping is the minds way of simplifying its intake of stimuli in order to prevent overloading itself (a form of selective screening). The perceiver will tend to place the subject into a preconceived group in which they feel that they best fit. Therefore confutative pre-judgments are formed. Despite the fact that this process condenses information stored in the memory, some extremely negative implications arise which can lead to situations of bigotry or bias. At the workplace, stereotyping can have negative effects on an employee as a negative preconception will normally have the potential to stick and as a result stigmatize and hinder the subjects career.The pack EffectThe closed chain Effect occurs when one single characteristic of a person or situation is used by the perceiver to create an overall image or impression. This effect triggers the shutting out of whatever other relevant characteristics. A specific negative impact of The Halo Effect is what Mullins refers to as perceptual blindness, more specifically this is when rash judgments are made and other important stimuli are simply overlooked as a result of utilizing only what is readily available at that instance. other phenomenon kn confess as the Rusty Halo Effect exists this is where general judgments are made on what can be justified and isolated incidents and a person subjected to this can be wrongfully branded as something that they are not.Perceptual DefensePerceptual Defense is a mechanism that surfaces when soul unknowingly or knowingly filters out specific parameters from a given situation that they may find threatening or intimidating. This inadvertently leads to people selectively striking from their minds information that does not support their opinions or points if view. projectionPerception is distorted by feelings and emotions. Projection can result from people overemphasizing inapplicable traits that they see in others, whilst at the same time discard to see such traits in themselves. Projection also implies attributing or project ones own feelings, motives or characteristics to other people (Mullins). This implies that people will tend to be more favorable towards others who seem to be more relatable to them in terms of character, emotional state or momentary state of mind. match to Freud, projection is a means by which we protect ourselves from acknowledging that we possess undesirable traits and assign them in exaggerated amounts to other people.The Self Fulfilling ProphecyThis phenomenon arises when a person or situation is hijacked by the misconception of the perceiver or perceivers and consequently ends up becoming that very delusion. This can be attributed to peoples strong swear to validate their own perceptions whilst disregarding the actual reality of the situation.IMPRESSION counselIn certain situations, we all attempt to depict our attitudes, personality and competence to others by putting particular emphasis on the way that we physically present ourselves. A job interview is a common spokesperson of this which is referred to as impression management. In the forming of an impression, more emphasis is put on some bits of information than others. It has been proven through research that truly early impressions count, this is formally known as the primacy effect. Interestingly enough, it has also been proven that a negative impression is less likely to change than a positive one.DISTORTION MANAGEMENTIn a healthy working environment, the corporate perceptual process, at some level should be regulated or supervised. This responsibility, known as distortion management, falls to the managers and supervisors of an organization. A manager who successfully practices distortion management should willfully balance conscious and sub-conscious (automatic and controlled) information processing at the attention and selection stage (refer to Fig 3). Responsibilities of theirs such as performance assessment and clear communication require conscious information processing which will potentially be a hindrance to other job responsibilities. Together with this, managers should strive toward seeking out disconfirming information (concerning previous deductions that they have reached in assessing a subordinate or situation) that will help level out their typical perception of information, thereby avoiding bias. specific care has to be taken when considering the range of schemas and stereotypes at the information organizing stage. A manager should make a point to expand on his/her schemas and even consider replacing them all together with more precise or wholesome ones. Additionally they should acknowledge that the retrieval stage of the memory can be imprecise. With this in mind a manager should never rely too much on schemas and sensitivity toward perceptual distortions should be ever-present. attribution THEORYThe attribution theory focuses on how people attempt to catch the causes of a certain event, assess responsibility for the outcomes of the event and evaluate the personal qualities of the people involved in the event.There are internal and extraneous attributions that can be linked to causes of behavior. Internal causes are within the control of the individual, whereas foreign causes are variables within a persons environment. There are several factors that can influence internal and external attributions these includeDistinctiveness union of a persons behavior across situations.Consensus likelihood of others responding in a similar way.Consistency whether an individual responds the same way across time. In entree to these three influences, two errors have an impact on internal versus external determinationThe fundamental attribution error This applies to the evaluation of someone elses behavior whereby success is attributed to situational factors and failure to personal factors.The self-serving bias This applies to the evaluation of ones own behavior, where success is attributed to personal factors and failure to situational factors.CONCLUSIONAll problems encountered throughout the course of this paper point directly toward the massive degree of bias which lurks within the perceptual process. Both personally and professionally, people strive to exist in a world ruled by certainty, more specifically their own certainty and it is our individual perceptual systems that oversee this. The underlying absurdity behind all of this is that it is this very idea that is our downfall as this system is well over with errors and bias at the same time. And although we are conscious of this and attempt to domesticise these glitches, we are essentially working against our perceptual system in its inborn state.