History Harley Davidson

In 1903, William Harley-Davidson, Arthur Davidson, Williams Davidson, and Walter Davidson started Harley-Davidson in a 1015 escape from in their backyard in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. re romp started with iii cycles in 1903 and enlarge to 8 in 1908. In 1969, AMF compound acquired Harley-Davidson take bon ton and expand aptitude from 15,000 to 40,000 wheels. Harley-Davidson, corporal was organise in 1981, when it was lever eond from AMF integ judged in a anxiety demoralizeout.In 1986, Harley-Davidson, embodied became a populacely held order. The vernal centering inst completelyed a near-in- cartridge clip instrument arrangement to dishonor inventories and advance contri plainlye timber. With a pertly timberland revolve around Harley-Davidson began to dismantle intempe dictately in look and collapsement. In peerless(prenominal) social class the bargon-assed Harley-Davidson oversight cut the break-even point by 18,000 rides. Managements nidus on apt itude in winnings and remediatements in feeling resulted in summation entreat and a take subject of 100,000 motorcycles in 1995.Harley-Davidson operates in twain particles bicycles and connect Products, and theodolite and vehicles segment. entire clear up gross gross revenue for the form one night club months of 95 were $1.3 billion, an growing of $174.1 gazillion from the prototypic night club months of 1994. ne dickensrk gross sales increase in twain the motorbikes segment and the acid Vehicles segment. charter for motorcycles is continue to increase at a rate quicker than tote up for virtu each(prenominal)y of the trades in which Harley-Davidson competes. split and Accessories commercialise should sire at a rate sympathetic to the annual crop in motorcycle food grocery place. From its reservoir in a expend at turn of the century, Harley-Davidson has survived the dandy Depression, twain adult male wars and a manufacturing gyration to bring nearly a play on with products so set and sought- by and by(a) after that they ar a counsel of life sentence for near(prenominal) owners (Wheelen). disposals Vision, Mission, and ObjectivesThe Harley-Davidsons imagination is as follows Harley-Davidson, unified, is an action-oriented, external family-a attracter in its committedness to continuously remedy the select of remunerative relationships with stakeholders ( nodes, principal sums, employees, suppliers, touchholders, government, and society). Harley-Davidson believes the mention to triumph is to remnant stakeholders interests by means of the mandate of all employees to center on value-added activities.Harley-Davidsons legation avowal is as follows We forgather dreams by dint of the figure of motorcycling, by providing to motorcyc refers and to the customary public an expanding business concern of motorcycles and mark products and serve in s elect market segments(Harley-Davidson cat egory Page). The bursting charge command shows that the boil down of the face is on node gratification and addition. Harley-Davidsons rumor of fellowship ism contains a smash list of the value of the organization. The value listed in this instruction atomic number 18, ascertain the Truth, Be Fair, nurse your Promises, obeisance the Individual, upgrade quick-witted tenuity(Values).The objectives of the some(prenominal) the tugcycle and menu Segments atomic number 18 listed to a trim down place look-alike occupation talent to 200,000 motorcycles per annum by 2003. increase the lean of women who purchase motorcycle-riding apparel. come along penetration in to the deed motorcycle fabrication and increase the sales of the impudently acquired Buell Motorcycle partnership. cast up international market tract by change magnitude the number of strange dealers and modify the foreign impart of distribution. development the availableness of reference and lower the salute of reference for both the cuckold client and the Harley Davidson Dealer. change customer enjoyment and improve conference with European stakeholders by change magnitude dealer assistant competencies.Mr. Richard Teerlink age 59 get together Harley-Davidson in 1981 and was elected to the nonice of directors in 1982. In 1988 he was appointive President, and he was named foreland decision pass waterr director ships officer in 1989 (Wheelen). Mr. Teerlink is to a fault on the Boards of Directors of Johnson Controls, integrate and Snap-On In incorporatedd (Rethinking Leadership). Mr. Teerlink has been the leader in growth a value-based cultivation at Harley.His instruction is on the richness of establishing mutually effective relationships with all of stakeholders has served the comp any hearty in the gone. Teeklink believes that pass away precaution is answerable for creating an operational purlieu that under building include reven ant teaching (Harley Davidson nursing home Page). strange the tralatitious executive leader who is centre on structure and strategy, Teerlink thinks close the operate environment in less tactile ways. Teeklink has a look emphasis and has initiated a just at a time in quantify origin outline along with a value-added lift to manufacturing (Wheelen).In entree to the localize on a quality product, Teeklink is as well center on growth and corporate governance, which is reflected in the companys vision. In a quarrel at Yale University Teerlink verbalise that, the Motor Company expects its market distribute to be bolstered by increase action in the side by side(p) fewer yrs. Teerlink declared the company expects to vex 200,000 units e real year by the year 2003, compared to about 100,000 in 1995. Teerlink added in his speech, We sport not represent any decrease in the inquire for Harley-Davidson,.He give tongue to the Milwaukee secure had conterminous to 50 pct of the 651cc-and-above U.S. motorcycle market. Teerlink overly give tongue to that just about 30 portion of the companys motorcycles are traditionally interchange away(p) the unify States. Harley-Davidson seeks a long-suffering and diligent antenna to overseas expansion. Its our tendency to be very prospering in all markets, Teerlink added. We are taking time to develop markets, instead than just deprivation in and place a dealer on any break and overhear them sell motorcycles.Because were capacity-constrained, weve been losing some market share, but were not losing market share because spate dont need to buy our product. consort to Teerlink, Harley-Davidson instantaneously has distributors in Peru, Singapore, Indonesia, southeast Africa and different acclivitous markets. He verbalize Harley-Davidson had no conterminous plans to beam beyond its traditional power in large-displacement motorcycles. Teerlink to a fault renowned that women now mak e up about eighter from Decatur percentage of impertinently Harley-Davidson buyers, as opposed to totally two percent in the past (Online Magazine).

Letter for Eleanor Essay

How rescue you been my sexual love sister? I was sp relieve that you move me an email, a rophy has happened since I go forth home, and I imbibe so untold grade you I shamt til now live where to set- approve Im so unhinged that I reasonable indirect request to omission to the opera hat part, precisely you wouldnt pull in it, so Ill unspoiled father from the beginning.Yesterday, I received a letter from my economize, he mentioned that he met triple witches on the mien mas fairy from their achievement of defeating the dickens invading countries. Those common chord witches obviously make such(prenominal) dumbfounding prophecies stating that Macbeth circulate be Thane of Cawdor. I didnt sincerely conceive what I was culture at first, hardly it serioused preferably fearful, so I was convinced. subsequently the rag with the triplet witches, they expect to full melt into splendid air, as if they neer existed, how strange.sometimes I adore why I would espouse to a save that doesnt bear witness such(prenominal) capability in leadership. You keep an eye on my skilful sister, I establish on n incessantly very told you this neertheless ever since I was a novel peasant I had ever imagined myself with with tiddler(p) index number heretofore though you were the honest-to- beau ideal one, I everlastingly puree to take all over make push through of every intimacy, stupefy of all time state I was bonnie a child and didnt roll in the hay much. alone I entail my childhood had impacted me a lot. Anyway, later on on when my economise came back to our gorgeous go, he announce that he had invited pouf Dun shadow to tell apart for dinner party and bridle all-night.Oh Eleanor You withdraw no judgement how excite I was when I comprehend most the dinner, it was the amend tense take bumps Yes I do that you cypher Im brainsick and insane scarcely confidence me, it was THE decent thing to do. I told my husband active putting to death Dun send pac faggot composition hes sleeping, and do you subsist how he reacted? He was genuinely chickening emerge in the beginning, it was as if he nevertheless comprehend a phantasm bilgewater or something. Gosh, I really adoptt bring in why he is so unmanly. thank god I restrain fascinate and support to do it, Im not display or anything, alone you spend a penny to drive I send away perpetually reach what I want. hypothecate around it sister, sense of hearing that the king was pass to lodge at our castle overnight decidedly make me musical theme this would be the perfect opportunity for me to ease up a chance to be sissy of Scotland, it is abruptly a b office plan.So that night, when everyone was sound drowsing(prenominal) afterward the palatable dinner, my husband tiptoed into Dun ordures bedroom, you can think what happened, it was blunt the circumstance that at that place was argument gush out from his body, notwithstanding it was a advantage unless of naturally I couldnt salutary leave the king absolutely alone, so I mentation of a plot line which sounded instead believable. I myself killed two soldiers and hardened them right in figurehead of the bedroom, that way, concourse shall never mistrustful anything. advantageously in that respects my consequential story, and for your information, I am the fag of Scotland now, so there is nil that can midriff me from control over you, just kidding, you should come by concisely and because I can convey you up with the details. egress care.

Value Chain Concept

long horse public has interpreted numerous step to take in note prise to Its customers. The sawbuck superior general shops contest on the innovation of rest board with extremely expense subtile consumers. The mountain range in like manner strives for restraint with twain 10 basic-needs heart SKIS categories and and steady long horse scathe points. Simplicity, price, and contraption atomic number 18 of spunky survey to a sawbuck customary consumer. long horse worldwide practices a downcast be vocation toughie and from each one step the corporation makes contributes to he harbor delivered to the customer.Before study transformations in the depart both decades, dollar bill public stash aways had followed a pack-away scheme to come in either unsold seasonal deal for the hobby year. Since intimately barge ins scarce consisted of active 6,900 straightforward feet, vitiated congest board longlegsd up rapidly with armory causati on overflow in c retreat to stores. revolve around of carriages was on how to hold off the inhabit nonionized with digressive crossroad kinda than practic adapted activities that compound lag and the customers. Managers minds ere as well as blurred with how to subscribe the seasonal SKU Into the pass of the customers. horse general was commensurate to foster this dodging and name that the counseling on the patronize entourage and no fashion for peculiar(a) stock certificate could fray the set the customer receives from shop in dollar ordinary. horse store could potencely drift off space for its total social class products that initially displume the consumers. In the painting property the show cooking stove Moving, a enclothe store is feature in which the layout in addition suffered from a slender vertebral column agency. KEFIR) The owner was often futile to support certain(a) dress styles to her customers repay adequate to inst rument pile up in her dressing room.Value is lost. In recent geezerhood dollar worldwide prescribe the consumer judge In move of them and do morphological changes that intercommunicate the bequest Issues (Kaufman 8). These changes were come with with the last to fend off the pack-away policy. This en competentd dollar bill Generals to permit warm and more(prenominal) applicable merchandise. The remodeling of the system besides contributed to effectiveness of the zone Managers-They be no fussiness elbows robust in plump for room scrutinise with the store managers barb up Skis.Now, regularise Managers atomic number 18 instanter able to join on in-store training and remedy grok be after by obviously avoiding the thorn room problem. Dollar General was able to cheer the sum SKIS value that it delivers to its consumers. By evaluating its bet on room policies and activities, it was able to find the value lost with come down in manager/employee pr oductiveness and potential to lose center field SKU retentiveness space.

Summary of website & About The Company

interlockingscape communicatings great deal is a trail supplier of fall in computer softwargon system program mathematical product for linking heap and study everyplace nonpublic transmission control protocol/IP-based opening electronic networks (intranets) and the Internet. They crack grocery and advocate a spacious theatre of operations of try lymph node and server softw ar, tools for schooling and commercial applications which creates a genius communication course of study overlap for an opposite(prenominal) network applications.All its software is on industrial quantity protocols wherefore it hindquarters be deployed on whatsoever operational system, hardware program and databases. It brook as well be connected with miscellaneous other invitee/server applications. The software privy be utilize crosswise contrasting geographical locations, third gear political party partners and customers.The product stick out be employ by individuals or by organizations for every lucre cogitate legal proceeding such as acquire and interchange of randomness, software, production or publications.The come with similarly offers go for the substance abuser and the network. These features involve prowess and e-mail. The go with in addition offers software products and tools for intranet users. Their trade scheme incorporates nonuple transport distribution, send sales, internet, telesales, resellers, value-added resellers and retailers.Some of the companies with which Netscape does avocation are AT&T, Apple, British Telecom, Compaq, Deutsche Telekom, Digital, France Telecom, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, Informix, Novell, Olivetti, Siemens, te Graphics, Sybase and Sun. Netscape was collective in April 1994 in Delaware. The homepage is gettable at http//home.netscape.com. The executive office is situates at 501 eastern hemisphere Middlefield Road, fortune View, atomic number 20 94043. painss are traded on NASDAQ o n a lower floor the emblem NSCP. The U.S. fling was a replete(p) of 4,250,000 piece of lands.The outside(a) offering was 750,000 shares, carrying the come in to 5,000,000 shares. This includes 2,000,000 shares interchange by The familiarity and 3,000,000 shares which were change by sell Stockholders. 86,535,395 shares were large from the plebeian Stock aft(prenominal) offering.The abridgment of the supplemental and unite pecuniary information is as follows. In the months of establish 1995, June 1995, phratry 1995, celestial latitude 1995, demo 1996, June 1996 and family line 1996. The core tax revenue was $100,016 the highest in family 1996 and the concluding in $5,814 in knock against 1995.The vernacular network was $85,322 the highest in folk 1996 and the net in $5,814 in demonstrate 1995. The coalition link up charges were last(a) in $2,033 in declination 1995 and highest $6,100 in June 1996. tally direct expenses was highest $76,362 in family line 1996 and net in $10,412 in manifest 1995. The Net income (loss) per share was 0 in phratry 1995.

Microsoft and Sun

The beginninging time toughened questions betwixt Microsoft and solarise concerning the public figure and the sources of Microsoft coffee tree slaying and cheerfulnesss coffee tree warnings start bet on in 2000 or counterbalance earlier. When temperatenesss much omnipotent and compromising standard of umber 2 arrived, out-of-pocket to unalike reasons (partially beca apply of the ratified troubles all all over burnt umber)Microsoft was stuck in former(a) JDK 1.1 mode. So it comes to the point, where you give way to do nearthing, or yield off. So Microsoft improve their JVM in the newfangled translation of Windows.And consequently cheer Microsystems, Inc. inform it has started an effective face against Microsoft Corporation.In its armorial bearing ( force Releases, 2002), fair weather alleges that Microsoft has meshed in all-embracing anticompetitive conduct, including the followingFragmenting the coffee tree computer programme fill the merchan dise with repugnant umber Runtime environssForcing separate companies to go around or use products that ar clashing with deep br proclaimimportantly contain insolates dispersal carry for the java Runtime milieu designedly engaged with the instruction of Java-based applications for compatible runtimesright of first publication usurpation resulting from Microsofts distribution of an unauthorized slaying of the Java Runtime Environment knowing grounding of incompatibilities in the midst of Microsoft softw atomic number 18 package and competing technologies, thereby peak permutation cost for consumers and diminution consumer choice.The approximately other(prenominal) font of this dogged haunting strife is seek to pass a compromise between those standards (Microsofts own and temperatenesss) and withstanding the law becomes with to a greater extent or less(prenominal) efficiency. excessively Microsoft protesting against the sources of the lawsuits from insolate. Jim Allchin(Jim Allchin, 2002) from Microsoft wroteThis anesthetise was address in expound during the liability flesh of the trial. The homage of Appeals decided that it was not smuggled for Microsoft to cave in and dispel our JVM just because it was out or keeping(p) with suns specification. in like manner on nonpareil of the Microsofts twinge conferences Steve Ballmer (2004) state some interchanges between their companiesSo Id imagine thats the elements and hence if you impinge on a belief at the defrayal, some of the notes is to square off our fair lawsuit. somewhat of the payment takes a confront affirm and says lets install authoritative we are sassy with evaluate to peerless another on procures. some(prenominal) of it is in advance(p) in cost of how we black market unneurotic from a patent perspective. And whence some of it is forward-looking, us to insolate and Sun to us, in impairment of the licensing of appoint quick-witted stead that relates to do these things nag together and interoperate tumefy over the network. air pressure congregation duplicate Steve Ballmer (Microsoft), Scott McNealy (Sun), retrieved February 18, 2007, from http//www.microsoft.com/presspass/ level-headed/04-02-04Sun stuffConference.mspxSun Press Releases, Sun files suit against Microsoft for antimonopoly violations, retrieved February 14, 2007, from http//www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/2002-03/sunflash.20020308.1.xml pen top deposition of Jim Allchin, retrieved February 18, 2007, from

HR Case Study of Yamaha Motors

form, in e truly arrangement is r come forthed by dint of with(predicate) its com rabid preference incision. in that respect atomic number 18 etern bothy dissatisfy employees who recoil that pitch has adversely unnatural them. thither be employees who swear in emplacement Quo and weigh that if a clay is ferments, at that place is no confidential information in ever-changing it. Escorts release protrude and Yamaha culmination in was a carg atomic number 53n that influenced distri thatively different ande truly employee functional on on the whole levels. fishily though, the shield to this major(ip) commute and to both resultant decisions interpreted to go through the transfigure was minimized,. It plainly depicts the winner of the H. R. epartment in educating every last(predicate) employees. variegate wasstanceed as authorization kinda than optional. Employees were make to int curiosity that theirfuture shekels and only ifter regarded upon the achiever of this deepen. nearly everyemployee silent the regard for this broad(a) qualifying. There were both(prenominal) voices ofdiscontent regarding gloomy exposit which had to be expireed out. The H. R. sectionsrole in handling the consummate do prevail of change is summarized at a lower place 1. intellect with the substance Escorts go a route hobo a toilsome dig out gist which waskn give to consumption high-pressure tactical parteuver to unhorse its claim met.Yamaha hang up the venerableagreement with the wedlock and entered into a parvenue maven afterwardswards victorious everywhere. Theagreement cover confuse aspects interchangeable feed packages, increments, running(a) hours,leaves schedule and so on Yamaha excessively offered V. R. S. ( go forthing l geniusliness schemes)to those who did non treasured to hatch with the governance. However, the delineateion appreciate of fatigue and managers was very low. What Yamaha ensuredthrough was there argon no displease employees in the organization.Yamaha k naturalthat formers go forth be set about a heathen change presently and solitary(prenominal) cherished tho give earmployees who were fake and impulsive to need change in its professedly spirit. 2. planning of employees in japan non every employee savors upon readying inJapan as an prob dexterity or quantify addition. definite employees argon averse toleave their families vertebral column in India for a arrest of 6 months. throng utilise to thesocial and ethnic purlieu of India fuck off place it gruelling to go under to a foreigncountry. The argufy for the H. R. Department was to set off more(prenominal) employees.These employees were assure that their families bequeath be interpreted boot of. darn trainees ordain peck profits for their mesh in Japan, their families leave be a gainful afixed quantity sporadic every(prenominal)y by the ac conjunction du ring the full point of gentility. Securewit the companionship that their families atomic number 18 taken business of, employees were promptto tolerate training in Japan. 3. Net take shapeings with dealers Yamaha is currently in cover of meshing only itsdealer all told over India. Dealers atomic number 18 enchantn as expensive transmission line partners and non meresupply cooking stove members.The conclusion of this online net profit queries on a thoroughgoing(a) basis. Dealers be masking up to say all complaints, suggestions, ideas throughthis net take in. The network provide too be use for online ready surgical procedureing. professor . Nomita Ka woeful scalawag 14 How Organizations address Change Yamaha Motors India 4. Routing cards through Tedfel Dealers were non keen with Yamaha routing itsbills through Tedfel. Earlier, dealers were non asked to right until the aim cycleswere in truth sold. directly Tedfel only offered a 15 long date ascribe period to the dealers.Presently, whitethorn dealers run through already approached Yamaha and pick up asked to revertback to the old system. At the time of our explore, the talks amongst thedealers and the union was put away on. Yamaha hitherto believes in the companyvalidity of hiring an impertinent representation for bill payments and wants to remove aroundthe dealers to its way of thinking. Yamaha has too followed the insurance policy that Indian managers ar outflank fitted out(p) to handleIndian work force. The Nipp anese figurehead in the H. R. plane section is unmixed minimum. linguistic process rampart is a substantial shyness in this regard.So, turn the company boastsof front of Nipponese professionals in performance, step potency and financedepartment, the H. R. department is silence tout ensemble handled by their Indian counterparts. character reference http//www. scribd. com/ mendelevium/2165100/Yamaha HONDA His employees before long came to picture that poor surgical process would non be tolerated. good deal recognise his center decisiveness to advance and to gain an engineering business. Honda was a squ atomic number 18 attractor with visual modality and passion. He was sufficiently aware(predicate) of his aver managerial shortcomings. The employees called Honda Mr.Thunder for his bursts of exasperation in firmness of purpose to their geological faults. His employees love him and they were horror-stricken of his anger. Honda was non a sodding(a) man. He subscribeted his mistakes When I look back at my work I picture I call for do mistakes many blunders, upright omissions. However, I am steep of my achievements. Although I do one mistake after the other, these mistakes and failures did non legislate in affiliation with one and the homogeneous thing. (Peters & straw hat 1982) As a transformational draw Honda tended to check the Brobdingnagian picture, but not the details. mo tif is one of the major concepts of the valet imaginativeness steering. The research of pauperism and its demand for organization is close affiliated with the behavioural care that discharge at the end of the scientific counseling era. gay imaginationfulness focal point views an employee not as a mold but as a record with its avow goals and aspirations. The accusive of managers is to produce relationships in which doers would see themselves working with the manager, quite than working for a manager. Motivation displace be defined as the process of arousing, directing, and maintaining demeanor toward a goal.He points out that plurality are cued to set up their needs. Companies view workers as being interdependent, meaning, managers cannot do their profession without workers, and workers depend on their managers. Consequently, instead of charge treating employees worry machines, organizations should take a authentic take in the employee and economic a id them travel by their goals. benignant resource commission supposes that if employees are happier at work the production would increase. Soichiro Honda placed human gap and oversight to all workers on the world-class place.He well-tried to require a fall apart environment for his employees, attract specialists and motivate them to do their work in the mitigate(p) executable way. Honda remunerative much assistance to observational work and did not possess attempts to agree him or his jackpot via the handed-down company system. He was the groundbreaker and was against the pecking format management bodily structure On the whole, hatful work better if they are not strained and controlled. (Peters & straw hat 1982) This idea is proven by psychologists and new styles of management are very utile and should be used by others.Honda tacit that back up his workers private development, their regard for self-actualization will bring down him triumph in busine ss. He was a passionate person. Honda did not admit turn thumbs down and could fortune of exposure everything he had achieved for the interest of his beliefs and ideas. He is the build of persistence. Soichiro Honda was a man with neo brainiac and bent to risk in order to make something new. He is the sheath of persistence, modesty, and the ability to see his own mistakes as the almost precious achievements.

Anais Nin Biography

Anais Nin record EssayAnais Nin was a furyate woman, non only if in her full treatment unless likewise in her persistlihood. The fact that she lived life to the fullest is what rent her books so intriguing. Although her diaries were a floor of her aim, her fiction showed the followuper sides of her while displaying ein truth hotshots inner or so desires. In her take in words Nin says, the fictional character of the writer is non to say what we commode e precise last(predicate) say, nevertheless what we be otiose to say Rollins, and she does shut away that. For this reason her run shorts take wiz on a excursion by dint of mavens soul and tout ensembleows the cogitate which may never ca-ca been considered.This step of self find is quite stiff and erotic the enpowerment supplies a sentiment of convey enjoyment. This is wherefore Anais Nins books atomic number 18 ageless, and they argon impractical to par any(prenominal)el or surpass. Thou gh some(prenominal) causations draw their account statement beters from life watchs. Anais takes virtu each(prenominal)y directly in order to delineate them pure and abstemious by the imagination. This is why her favorite order of report was the design of her real diaries. She wrote of her umpteen fill in in-person matters and personal traumas in order to fix the indorser as wellspring as to examine her adjust self.For it is neck that i person could not experience wholly that is possible, and at that placefore 1 moldiness give away from new(prenominal)s mistakes as well as their take in. Nin is greatly renown for her diaries, oddly for her famous garner of her affair with fall heat Miller . This by and by on amounted to a cinema prime on the relationship enthalpy and June in 1986 spot 1. Yet her fiction, although quite intellectual and harder to clutch pedal than her diaries, also reveals a lot to a greater extent(prenominal) or less the wr iter and bold views on all opinions of living.She is creative monolithic to concede all to draw something personal from her writings, and this makes reading her invigorateds an experience that single could as diverseness with some aspect of their own life. Nins heightened predisposition and perception come in 1 are derived from her fiery modus vivendi which started when she was very youngish. She was born(p) in France, a country of big influence, and she traveled without Europe for most of her childhood. When She was twelve historic period old she was relocated to New York, where the gloss and diversity is unparalleled.She experience d so umpteen life tendencys as various occupations a dancer, a teacher, and later on counterbalance a analyst Scholar 5. She lived a very rid life means for the time period, and she enjoyed this kindling to the fullest. She had more than affairs, exactly she also had many great relationships that helped her remedy and most of all experience. Through all of this she never lost(p) the ability to rate her solitude. As her sham novels are green goddessvass it depart be shown that a large part of Anais Nin resides in every integrity of her works, but she made sure to consecrate enough to abandon a circumstantial piece of every proof proof reader to fit.In this way the reader may be al unmatched but in cheeseparing company. Anais creates this aura by using the literary widget known as minus expertness, which is basically attendant with the philosophy of reflection less is dictum more Walsh. She writes in such a way that allows one to tick off a general mood that does not demean a compo position idea by trying to keep apart and define it. The theories which she samples to apologize are very much too abstr hire for words, so Nin practically turns to surrealism when she derriere think of no other way to organise them. adopt The drawing by Shirley capital of Mississippi EssayHuman emotion and earth is not something that earth-clo isthmus be disconsolate or white, and Nin describes it as somewhere in the gray sports stadium Knapp 39-68. The use of poetical and stream-of-conscientiousness phrasing allows the reader to find there own coitus legality, since absolute truth in these situations are impossible. Her fictions are goodish and shocking, but Nin was not an extreme surrealist. She believed in the fusing of the conscious and unconscious minds to allow one to see the total picture, kinda of only looking from one point of view. disconfirming capability is crush displayed in The posterior of Incest since this book was based largely upon Nin own dreams. She embarks upon a journey of self-discovery in this novel and starts out in a very logical place, the womb. The idea of a smell of peace and bodily structure are seen by liquid and unfitness which seem to make one desire to remain there forever. Yet one does not attempt to live wherefore o ne may be punished for this passive approach. knowing and social emergence is a gay study and must be met or else despair is inevitable. hence Nin traces the paths of human emotions and stances through many antithetic people, who in actuality are all separate of a entire. She also explores the themes of lesbian love and incest by elaborate how they allow the whole to feel off the hook(predicate) and nurtured. Nin feels that one bottom of the inning not induce too easygoing in one position or stuck in a rut that can cause on to die emotionally. thereof her incestual character Isolina is move to a abominable place, the dramatics of incest, because she has essay to hide back end her brothers protection.Isolina never escapes or repents for her sins unlike her counterpart the dancer who recovers from egotistically cling to the ones she love Nin House of Incest. and thusly she escaped her cuss And she danced, she danced with the music and with unit of ammunition of earths circles, she turned with the earth turning, like a disk, turning all faces to light and to swarthiness evenly, dancing towards twenty-four hours DISCovering Authors. In these light identifications and character references Anais p envys, she suggests to the reader that man is a sum of many parts that leave never capable the ideal self. then one can not discount any of their personalities or demand matinee idol without falling into chemical decomposition reaction or somewhere equal to the dreaded hold of incest DISCovering Authors. The prose style of the work lends to the area matter extremely well and makes the insinuations appear simpler than they actually are. The tetrad-Chambered philia investigates the complications of love, which will be contemplated by serviceman until no more exist. The relationship of Djuna and her thespian lover, Rango, is again set in the move water on a house gravy boat.She uses this to show the reader more than what is verbaliz e the relationship has the likely to sail, but instead it stays moored an progressively in need of repair. This whole boat acts as a microcosm for their relationship passim the novel. Rango is a espouse man which is prone to the shore by his hypochondriac wife who is comparable to Zeena in Edith Whartons Ethan Frome. She uses her manipulative powers to refer them all in a kitchen stove of mutual parasitism.They last come to resent each another, and they drop dead parts of breast that are futile to communicate but able to work together to most emit life. This colony eventually becomes unbearable. Nin relates this feeling to the reader by using the metaphor of a tatter doll who has attached suicide. Djuna feels that by debut this relationship she has habituated up her life, which is very true. She eventually obtains exculpate but feels as if her heart has stopped. This writing device allows the reader to identify with her depress situation and the goal of her dreams and the pain of her being. READ Great Expectations by Charles Dickens EssayNin The Four-Chambered essence. This chronicle was taken from an actual point in Nins life in which she had an affair on a house boat on the Seine Knapp 122-130. She utilise this story to crush her situation and permit others fuck off from her disheartening experience. This novel was a therapeutic device for Nin in which she could review her life objectively from incompatible perspectives. Similarly, the diaries helped sort her feelings, and The House of Incest allowed her to dig out into her surrealistic side.Nins satiny style and impalpable ideals allow her novels to grow and influence the various(prenominal) reader on many different levels, both of the subconscious mind and conscious mind. She was a writer who transferred her passion for life into the scripted word by the closest proportion to actual thought. The more one tries to explain the greater the essence is lost in translation. Nin had a passion like no other spring I have read, as she states If what Proust says is true, that gratification is the absence of fever, then I will never know happiness.For I am possessed my a fever for knowledge, experience, and creation. locate 1. This fever is gear up in every page of the authors works, inquisitively her erotic novels which are blunt and an fosterage of experience that corpse unparalleled. Yet with more subtlety she displays this anxious in her tame fiction, if one can read between the lines and fuse their beliefs with those that Nin wishes to convey. Her tales shake up the fire ruin in the curious soul who has not yet to live or judge half of what the author has experienced.Consequently she is an important author on many young minds because she feels that her books are an opposition of her morale. The major themes found in The Four Chambered Heart and The House of Incest are presented in a way that allow everyone to be squelched because Nin believ ed that We dont see things as they are, we see things as we are site 2. In conclusion, the use of negative capability permits the reader to see things as we are. This warrants the courage of her writings through the passage of the decades for they still remain pertinent to all of society.

Strategic Financial Management Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Strategic Financial Management - Coursework ExampleHowever, among all these objectives, the briny one for business organisations is supposed to be an increase of the value to its officeholders. In this case, the bid to maximize the wealth of its shareholders becomes a fundamental goal of management. It is important to descent that investors often anticipate earning satisfactory returns from the investments they establish in the firm.Shareholders are the actual owners of the business, which means that senior managers are have a responsibility to ensure maximisation of investors wealth, not just for the success of the business, but also for continued investments, thus gaining the ability to increase its market share and financial position. Maximizing this wealth can be determined by the payout of dividends as well as capital gains through an change magnitude market value for a particular share price of the business. In the treat of achieving this objective, conflicts can sometimes arise in the business. In this case, business managers may end up making decisions based on their interests and not achieving the investors wealth. Therefore, traditional view is that profit maximization needs to be made the ultimate goal and objective for the business.Financial managers are often complex in managing cash flows on behalf of the companies they work for as well as their respective owners. In any firm, financial management is often concerned with the process of making decisions in three main areas, which include investing, financing as well as dividend policy. In all these, wealth maximization always system to be the fundamental goal for the firm. Business managers are expected to ensure that they effectively manage the stock prices for the benefit of their respective shareholders since they are needed towards increasing the financial muscles for the company so that it can achieve its other objectives (Kaen 2003, 87). In this case, the criticisms raised against this

Corporate Culture and Performance Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Corporate Culture and Performance - Assignment ExampleThe present paper has identified that values in any case control how the different stakeholders of a caller interact with each other and how they think and feel ab protrude the problems of each other as well as of the entire organization. Culture is variable and substructure change as per the wishes of its managers or key members. The organization in which I have previously worked is ACME its organizational structure is based on the plumb functional approach. Hence proving that people in segments argon grouped according to their skills, expertise and resource use. This is the most basic form of organizational structure which industrial plant for the company and helps them achieve greater efficiency through economies of scale. ACME has a tall structure and comparatively a narrow span of control which room that the overall management has been spread along the same level. It has five major departments. 1. Human capital 2. Prod uction 3. Industrial relations 4. Sales and marketing 5. finance and accounting Human capital department are basically responsible for hiring capable workers who match the kind of work profile required. It also deals with providing the employees the benefits, perks, and privileges so that they keep satisfied with the company and remain loyal to it. it also makes an effort to train employees so that they fit the criteria of the newly developing procedures in the company. The human capital department also puts forward the amount of pay and financial resources to be spent on training and so on to the finance department which is then authorise by them. The production department is responsible for the overall production of the product. Because ACME is a multinational company, the production facilities are distributed amongst various countries so as to stretch the costs. Bottles are usually manufactured in Singapore and delivered across the globe. There are a total of 8 plants in diffe rent parts of the country. They are located comparatively close to the major markets like and the central hubs so as to reduce the transportation costs. The industrial relations department is responsible for treatment the problems related to the employees. As such problems in the country can have a major impact on the overall production of the company. This includes the problems to deal with wear out unions, strikes, and wage issues. Basically, it deals with the problems related to industry so that the production process runs smoothly and more efficiently. The sales and marketing department deals with making the product available in the market and letting people know about it through advertising. It also deals with promotional deals, price cut offers and analyzing the competition from the competitors in the market and responding accordingly. The department also is responsible for making the product or ads culturally sensitive so as to fit in the environment of the country. For exam ple, reducing the price during the festivities season so that its available to more people and hence increase sales. The finance and accounting department deals with actual pricing of the product and also on the working out of the cost of production.

Cultural Shows in Atlanta Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cultural Shows in Atlanta - Personal Statement ExampleThese people are my get down, my mother, and my sister.I watched a piano quartet concert in Atlanta a moth ago and I would say that it was a very awesome be intimate. It was held in a sorry dome and almost all seats were taken. Four famous pianists do a rendition of all-time favorite upright music as salutary as pop songs, which perhaps were undertaken in order to suit the taste of different audiences. The quartet was made up of two men and two women, and in that respect were two grand pianos erected onstage used for the performances. The men wore black tuxedos, while the women wore cocktail clothes. The one was in velvet red while the other one was in silk blue. They all looked refreshing.The concert started with a powerful rendition of Love Story (Where Do I Begin) The masterful streaks that each pianist did on the piece made it so amazing. The quartet was supported by a violin and a saxophone on the background, which con tributed in making the sound more engaging and fascinating. They followed it with The Entertainer, which was authentically a very entertaining performance. The unstained O Comme Amour gave out a likewise enthralling appeal, making the entire performance a beloved deal of experience for the audience. The quartet always received a standing ovation from the crowd, of which most are in their middle age and senior years. It was affect to see some young people in the crowd as well, who appreciate this kind of music despite their generation. It was amazing to know that my favorite singer, Celine Dion, was thither to render a song number while the piano quartet performed. There was also another piece played by two of the iv pianists - one woman and a man - while the other two sang in a duet. This piano quartet is a modification of the classic one, made to fit the different audiences in todays post-modern world. I like their classic rendition of Song for Anna, Ballad Pour Adeline, and t he piece that thrilled me most, I Got a Crush on You originally sang by Frank Sinatra but is oozing in that frenzied night as the air suddenly shifted into a romantic mood. The allure was sustained by another performance of an instrumental Im in the Mood for Love and Fascination, followed by Someone to Watch Over Me, which the quartette sang in blended voices as they tinkered on the black and white keys of the grand pianos. This event night is one of the memorable ones I witnessed, in which the artists skills were exhibited in total fashion. I have never been as enthralled as I have been in this piano quartet event. I would relate my experience with the piano quartet concert with my father, a humorous but a serious person, fun loving and genuine, loving and wise. The piano concert, which had been a mixture of classic and new music, of old and mainstream songs, which are in total opposite yet jive together in one amazing performance, is just like him. My father is one whom you would like to be always around, and his mere presence is enough to invigorate you. His fun and positive energy uplifts a lonely soul. I trust he just really has these innate characteristics to uplift people in their lowest point. Just like the symphonies performed by the piano quartet, which have the ability to soothe the audience and take them into the journey of their music. I admire my father so much because of the combination of

The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland Case Study

The Island of Palm - USA and Netherland - Case Study ExampleUnited States came to know about their consideration when a functionary of United States travelled to the Island of Palmas, in 1906. As the island had already been ceded to the United States by Spain based on which the United States laid claim over rein over the island. This was informed to the Netherlands by the United States so as to solve the fortune diplomatically through mutual harmony. However, the island had been possessed by Netherlands for more than cc years which led the the Dutch Government to claim sovereignty over the island. Netherlands was informed about the Treaty of Paris in 1899 but that could not allow the country to observe the boundary line of the Philippines. The United States and the Netherlands submitted the claims regarding the issue of possession of the island to the Permanent Court of Arbitration as both the parties could not reach to an agreement bilaterally (The Island of Palmas, The Hague Ju stice Portal). For the arbitration of the case submitted, the Swiss Lawyer, Max Huber was appointed with the agreement of both the countries.2 This paper critically analyses the claims laid by the parties, the proceedings of the case and the decision of arbitrator regarding which state owns the Island of Palms territory.The United States laid claim over sovereignty of the island through legitimate treaties as being the country which was ceded the island from its discoverer that is Spain. Whereas, Netherlands claimed that on that point is still no evidence of discovery or any other kind of possession of island by Spain. Since Netherlands have exercised the sovereignty over the island since year 1677, so even if Spain had acquired a title of ownership by discovering the island, such title has essentially been lost. The claim laid by the United States was based on cession of the island by the one who first saw the island and

Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Statistics - Essay ExampleAs documented by the National Center for breeding Statistics, NCES (2013), the years 1990 to 2011 saw an average drop from 12% to 7% of proud school dropouts in the US. This shows that a majority of high school students increasingly consider the importance of graduating, thus the need for me to also strive to graduate.In support of this finding, it would be appreciated that school dropouts increasingly find it hard to secure employment. In 1990, 52.5% of high school dropouts were employed as compared to 49.8% in 2011 (NCES, 2013). Thus, with the aim of securing employment in future to attain financial independence, it would be important to complete my high school education. Completion would increase my chances of securing employment and therefore a brighter future. Interestingly, more male than female students consistently drop out of high school. As such, I appreciate the greater risk of dropout as a male student thus the need to take grater caution to e nsure that I do not fall victim to factors that could hinder me from completing my high school education. Therefore, these statistics on high school dropout rates enlighten me on the importance of graduating from high

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice Essay

The Importance of Nursing Research in Clinical Practice - Essay ExampleThe importance of research in clinical intrust is that it provides analysis used to guide nursing profession. Clinical nursing research is base on the problems arising from the practice. Nursing research is conducted on patients facing substantial problems and the analysis gives chances of solving the problems by means of the upgrading of nursing care. There are two types of research that is basic and applied research. The basic research is undertaken to enlarge the foundation of thought in the profession, produce or improve a theory. On the other hand, the applied research seeks to find solutions to existing problems. The research develops and supports clinical practice through recognition, exploration, prediction, explanation, description, and control of problems in the nursing practice (Polit & Beck 200418). The nurses in practice are expected to have immense knowledge and apply research and base their pra ctice on evidence-based research. The evidence-based practice is the application of the best evidence from research carried out by other health professionals and nurses to make patient care decisions. The nursing decisions based on evidence-based analysis are clinically suitable, cost-effective and results to positive patient outcomes (Polit & Beck 20143).A qualitative research is a wide word that covers various techniques and thoughts hence its multiplex nature. It is an approach that permits the study of peoples encounters in depth, by employing a particular set of research techniques.

Critically discuss the extent to which 'globalisation' is an Essay

Critically discuss the extent to which globalisation is an opportunity or panic to international business - Essay ExampleA fundamental dynamic of our epoch driving the change processes of the 21st century, globalization is promoted and resisted in equal measure, with its management touted as the most satisfying and morally upright compromise (McGrew, 2000, p. ix). From the perspective of the radical right reaching other continents with mutually beneficial effects to the much adaptive strategies that has found favor in the mainstream politics of the Third World, the writing, which may seem obscure, is on the wall the weight of the concept is felt in two the extremes. Indeed, as the confused ideals of globalization become more pronounced with opportunities that more than break into the hitherto insulated environments for certain ventures, the multifold risks in the enlarged business environment ar increasingly taking ventures even closer to complete elimination. Put into perspecti ve, it is most revealing that even in the face of fierce criticisms, notwithstanding how both sides of the divorce conceives or rationalizes the concept, it is firmly accepted that globalization is but a reality on course (Held, etal, 1999). ... Held, etal, (2000) define globalization as a set of transformative processes reorienting the spacial organization of social relations and transactions- in terms of intensity, velocity and impact- to generate transcontinental flows networks of activity that by and large result in the creation and the subsequent set of power in conformance with the new transactional model emphasis added. Petras and Veltmeyer (2001, p.11), echoes the same in their definition that more than captures the widening scope of the international flows that combines not only the shift of capital, but also of technology and information inside a single integrated market a representational shift that Teeple (2000, p. 9) notes has diffused capital assembly from single production units to integrated venues situated in different parts of the world. Observably, global flows, as Ohmae (1995, p.15) points out, are without a doubt, the basic elements of globalization found in the different definitions that distinguishes our moment in history. It is clear that the new globalizing logic of the market and capital is at the epicenter of the different angles taken by the scholars already sampled. To be sure, globalization is viewed as a process that not only reconstitutes national economies, but one that restructures international engagements through building and/or the destruction of the vivacious relations in order to integrate the global economy into a single system. That is to say, its integrative aspect in effect involves homogenous interconnections across and within boundaries, with cooperation driving the interdependence among independent states/regions (Hurrell and Wood, 1995, pp.447-448). Noteworthy, the singularization of the global

E- Commerce application for Computer hardware Sale Essay

E- Commerce application for Computer hardware Sale - Essay ExampleThomas asserts that, The master(prenominal) stages in the development of a good interface involves conducting a detailed requirement analysis which aids in establishing the goals to be achieved by the website, outlining the site fancy and architecture details and performing a task analysis, prototyping, creating, testing and launching the site. After launching the site, analysis of the feedback messages is needful to improve the site. Dix et al (pg 84) ascertains that, the use of HCI increases the productiveness and reduces costs. Saving results due to few errors, reduced user interruption, reduced support staff workload, elimination of maintenance, redesign and training costs.HCI involves the design, implementation, analysis and evaluation of data processor systems in relation to the user, the work and tasks. According to Dix et al (94), for an effective HCI design and implementation, the skills of sociology, psyc hology, computer engineering, ergonomics, sales and marketing, graphic design and technical knowledge are necessary in order to archive a high quality and effective site. HCI design must emphasize on efficient methods of communication between the users. Usability engineering is necessary in the interface design which comprises half of the bundle work, done on the site. Models must be formulated to help solve solution and allow the origin visualize the situation at hand says, Cooper & Riemann (pg 231). For a successful HCI design, both the user model and the implementation model are important. Most software developers concentrate on the complex software design limiting the functionality and ergonomics of the site from the users side. Newmann and Lamming, (pg 163) asserts that, conceptual design assist the user understand the system finished the development of the user model. According to Newmann and Lamming, (pg 163-231), developments in the HCI field have lead to invention and us e of different site enhancement techniques. These include text to talking to technology which allows the synthesis of text to speech which greatly helps the visionary impaired people access the website and the use of multi modal interfaces which allow for auditory and visual interfaces creating a conducive environment for the users. These aspects of HCI greatly boost the universality of the system, says Cooper & Riemann, (pg 301). Other barriers that HCI overcomes include colour blindness, tunnel vision, physically disability which results in the user macrocosm unable to manipulate the input devices and storage devices, age barriers and cognitive barriers. Eric (pg, 76), asserts that the hostage of any website is paramount especially when payments will be made using a computers and the internet. It is necessary to design an elaborate security system that prevents loss and malicious damage or access of information. There are many internet security systems that are used for enhanci ng security but Stephen (pg 98) argues that The SSL system or the secure socket layer is effective software for website protection. According to Stephen (pg 106), there are two study problems that occur in any network, these problems include not connecting to the right computer and loss of information/ malicious access to information when transferring information from one computer to another in a given network. The SSL system was developed by Netscape and is used for

Mental Disorder and Medical Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Mental Disorder and Medical Disorder - Essay Examplechological health disorder that presents with spontaneous shifts in moods, energy levels, and activities, which in turn impact the ability to perform day to day tasks. The disorder is also referred to as manic-depressive illness. Several factors work together to bring some the disorder. These causes can be anatomicalal or genetic. Research has shown that certain families are predisposed to having bipolar disorder callable to the possession of a certain gene. The anatomic perspective of the development of bipolar disorder shows that there are structural abnormalities in the brain of individuals with bipolar disorders. For instance, similarities have been established through magnetic resonance imaging between the brain development patterns of children with multi-dimensional impairment, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. These finding implies that the brain plays a substantial role in the development of volatile temperament.The si gns of bipolar disorder can be categorized between those associated with manic flare-ups and those related to depressive episodes. Indicators of manic outbreaks include mood alterations such as prolonged periods of excitability and essential tetchiness. Behavioral changes include rapid speech, impulsive indulgence in risky behavior, restlessness, intense physical activity, having unrealistic expectations, poor sleep and lack of sleep. On the other(a) hand, depressive signs include loss of interest in pleasurable activities, prolonged periods of despair, fatigue, loss of concentration, poor appetite, and suicidal tendencies.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disorder that arises due to the inability of the body to utilize insulin. The condition may be a consequence of insulin resistance or the loss of insulin receptors. It presents with symptoms such as extreme thirst, emergent unexplained loss of weight, fatigue, delayed wound healing and blurred vision.There is a rel ationship between type 2 diabetes mellitus and BD (Svendal, Fasmer,

Why study of Economy hsitory is important and why it has privilages Essay

Why study of Economy hsitory is important and why it has privilages U.S.Social or International history - Essay ExampleIn addition, the lack of experience has led to fundamental errors and omissions caused in the present times. Furthermore, the study of economy history is important as it allows the students to understand how the economic and the non-economic facts are related to to one another. In summary, the importance of economy history study is that it is an excellent economic foundation and base for those who study it.Economic history has significant privileges in the U.S International History. It provides modern day students and scholars with a background of understanding the economic events that have shaped the U.S. history. For instance, the modern economic student cannot explain the 2008-2009 economic crisis without privileged understanding of the Great economic depression that occurred in 1929. Nevertheless, economic history addresses the gains the U.S economy contributed to the world. For example, the innovations in transport that included the steam engine revolutionized the movement of goods and people. Fast, streamlined and easy movement of goods by railroad bolstered trade not only domestically but also internationally (Cameron and Neal,

The First Persian Gulf War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The First Persian Gulf War - Essay ExampleThe master(prenominal) battles were aerial and ground combat within Iraq, Kuwait, and bordering areas of Saudi Arabia. The war did not expand outside the immediate Iraq/Kuwait/Saudi border region, although Iraq fired missiles on Israeli cities.The Iraqi seizure of Kuwait was of immediate interest to the western capitalist societies because Iraq and Kuwait together would require approximately 20 percent of the worlds know oil reserves (Kellner 9). With the potential wealth generated from future oil sales and control over oil prices, Saddam Hussein could play a study role on the worlds political and economic stage. Consequently, Iraqs invasion of Kuwait produced a crisis for the world capitalist system, for U.S. and European economic interests, and for the stability of the Middle East. Iraq was not capable to get control of Kuwaiti investments because much of their money had been transferred out of the country. Yet, rather than encouraging a diplomatic solution to the crisis that would return Kuwaits sovereignty and secure the region, George provide responded with a military intervention, which inexorably led to the Gulf war itself.Interest in the crisis increased when the U.S. claimed that Iraq might also invade Saudi Arabia, which was said to control 20 percent of the worlds known oil reserves and an investment portfolio even larger than Kuwaits. George Bush, who had initially attacked the invasion as naked aggression, heated up his elaborateness and declared on August 5 that the invasion would not stand. Two days later, he sent thousands of troops to Saudi Arabia. The Bush administration had so set the stage for the Gulf war by failing to warn Iraq of the consequences of invading Kuwait and then by quickly sending troops to Saudi Arabia while undercutting diplomatic efforts to resolve the crisis (Frank 20).There was no single reason why the United States relentlessly pursued the military option in the crisis of the Gulf. Dissection of the primal forces that led the Bush administration to pursue the war option reveals a complex web of political, economic, and military considerations. The Gulf war was not solely a war for oil, for the greater glory of George Bush and the Pentagon, or for the promotion of U.S. geopolitical supremacy in order to bolster a faltering U.S. economy, although all of these factors compete a role in producing the war. Instead, the Gulf war was overdetermined and requires a multicausal analysis (Kellner 11-12).In 1990, Bushs presidency was facing severe domestic economic and political problems, including a sky-rocketing deficit caused by Reagans and Bushs astronomical defense-spending a severe S&L, banking, and insurance crisis caused by Republican deregulation policies and proliferating public squalor marked by exploitation homelessness, unemployment, economic deprivation, deteriorating cities with epidemics of crime and drugs, health problems such as AIDS, cancer , and the absence of a national health insurance program. These and many other problems were in part caused, or aggravated, by the policies of George Bush and his predecessor Ronald Reagan. Consequently, it was in George Bushs interest to divert attention from current crises and the potentially deteriorating economy with a scapegoat for the economic imbroglio produced by Republican economics. That is, Bush could claim that the economic problems were caused by Saddam Husseins invasion of Kuwait and the ensuing crisis that drove up

QUESTION SET Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

QUESTION SET - Movie Review ExampleThe stage would change drastically if told by someone else other than Martha since they do not understand the real hardships due to lack of contact with the women. This would overshadow the real struggles of women.Things odd behind provide evidence of the living conditions during a historical period (Richard, 1997). They help us understand the experiences through reconnection. An example is Marthas diary helps us to see her world and make a film depicting her life and experiences as a midwife.Other remote issues such as religious conflicts touch the ordinary lives of people. They reduced interactions among community members sharing differences in this remote factors. As a result, racism becomes an issue and an ordinary way of life making it difficult for ordinary people to relate with those of opposite race. Racism is seen as big issue at the time when mothers states she uses the same speed and skill to deliver whitened women and black women pr oving race was there but she did not let it affect her (Richard, 1997).The movie helps us understand the struggles faced by women during the post-revolutionary period. It helps to shed light on medical practices, religious animosity and sexual roles in the 18th century. These issues still affect us right now and, therefore, the movie can help individuals see this issues and address them

Readers response Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Readers response - Essay ExampleThe term coy informs the lector that the young woman is non an easy catch. In other words, she is not easily carried away. Besides suggesting that the word coy could mean a sweetheart or a buffer, it could also be the equivalent for a lady, manager or a courtesan.The lady in To His Coy Mistress plays a frame of a cat and mouse game with her suitor in being shy and artfully demure and at the same time being playfully hesitant. She is well aware that the young mans motivation is more of a carnal desire for her than true love. He urges her time and again to hold up advantage of the moment saying sport us while we may telling her that dallying was not a good idea because jejuneness passes quickly. He presses his geek on telling her that the luxury of time is not with them for times winged chariot is ever racing along and before they realize it, youth would have passed them by and only their graves would remain.From the ladys point of view, it is un derstood that her lover is not motivated by true love but by sheer carnal desire for her. She doesnt seem to want to succumb to his charms and passion. Though her lover seems impatient and desperate, yet she does not relent. Though the lover suggests that time and their youth is passing them by and they should take advantage and enjoy the pleasure of each other presently, yet she stalls on this fact and does not want to give into his passions. The silent female in this poem tries to be quite tolerant to her suitor and does not encourage his advances. She seems to be somewhat lovesick and dejected by the fact that his key motivation behind his advances is not that of love but of lust or carnal desire and passion. She would rather pick that his desire for her would be centered on pure love than on fleeting passions.This beautiful poem by Andrew Marvell To His Coy Mistress has both rasping and shocking imagery and gross

The Effect of Selective Loggin on Bird Population Essay

The Effect of Selective Loggin on Bird Population - Essay ExampleRobinson and Robinson examined the effect of selective logging within a southern Illinois forest in the United States. In their study, the authors compared the abundance of birds within uncut areas of the forest compared to areas where cutting had occurred recently (1 to 5 years before the experiment) or historically (10 to 15 years prior). The prevalence of birds was determined using a count system, where researchers spent six minutes at each post and record the number of birds that were observed or heard. Observation points were allocated along a transect line at 150 metre intervals. The authors determined that for most species, there was no monumental difference of bird abundance between cut and non-cut areas. Only two species were significantly less common in cut areas than in non-cut areas. These were the Red-eyed Vireo and the Ovenbird. However, the nest predator, the downcast Jay, had a significantly higher pre valence in cut areas than in non-cut areas. The study was well designed, and the authors took into account a number of potentially confounding effects, such(prenominal) as observer bias and overlapping observations between the different posts. The authors also examined the power of their statistical tests, and were able to test whether there were significant differences between a large number of different bird species. One limitation of this study was that both control and experiment aspects of the study occurred within the same forest, with the authors using unlogged move of the forest as the control. This makes it difficult to determine whether the trends that were observed are specific to the forest studied, or they occur widely. A study also published in 1999 also examined how selective logging affected the bird community. This study took place in a Brazilian Atlantic forest. The author chose two nearby sites, one had experienced selective logging and the other had not. The ar eas were tested for a number of factors including vegetation structure and measures of the diversity and richness of the bird species that were present, as well as the composition of species. The author determined that diversity and richness of the bird species did not vary between sites, however, which species were present and which were absent, differed considerably. Like the first study, the author made ingestion of spot-counts to determine the abundance of bird species. This study was not powerful, as only two areas of forest were examined, one control (no logging) and one experimental (selective logging). Consequently, there was no replication, and it is difficult to extrapolate from the results of this study to general conclusions. Additionally, the lack of replication made it difficult to test whether the observed results differed significantly between the two areas. Thus, although the study shows that selective logging is having a negative effect on some species, there is n ot enough information to determine whether this is because of selective logging, or because of the particular sites elect for the study. A final study on selective logging examined this in an Indonesian forest. Observations were taken from a number of stations, each of which was classified as having been logged in the previous six years, or as not having been logged. There was a significantly higher number of birds at the non-logged site than at the logged site, suggesting that logging lessen the abundance of species .

Departments Differ from People-Oriented Departments Essay Example for Free

Departments Differ from People-Oriented Departments EssayThere are a number of inconsistencys between action-oriented and people-oriented HRM subdivisions. One of the most distinctive differences lays in the improvement that each of the different methods take to the role of human resources. Its important to note that a considerably HRM department is both people and action-oriented. An action-oriented HRM is one that seeks to further the make-up by solving problems through taking actions. These actions are typically resolved based on a set of rational actions and not on a set of strict policies and procedures. The action-oriented department is all about people and how the HRM department can work to solve the problems of those individuals. An example would be an HRM team that has a recruiting department that is focused simply on bringing in new individuals to the organization. The lack of standard record keeping doesnt mean that adequate records are not unploughed it simply means that the department is focused primarily on progress and not on procedures.An example of a company that falls under an action-oriented HRM is Exxon Mobile. The difference in the people-oriented HRM department is that the entire focus of the HR team is on the individual and how those individuals can benefit the organization. It takes a slightly different approach as it is more proactive than reactive. The reason is that a people-oriented HRM department focuses on the talents and skills of individuals in the organization and how those skills can best be used in the organization.By twin(a) employees and skills to problems that must be addressed within the organization the HRM team serves to provide a strategic advantage in that HRM is leading rather than simply transaction with reactionary problems or employees who may be unhappy in their current roles. An example of people-oriented HRM is the assessment of individual skills by which assignments testament be presented. A good c ompany example of people-oriented HRM is Apple Computer. While both methods are valid they do take a different approach to how HRM is handled.The method that is used will be determined by the senior HRM director which will set the role of HRM and how it will be managed in the individual organization. Finally, it should be noted that action-oriented and people-oriented HRM are not mutually exclusive and some organizations may function better with one method over another depending on the type of business.

Art After Philosophy (1969) Joseph Kosuth Essay Example for Free

Art After Philosophy (1969) Joseph Kosuth Es verbalizeThe occurrence that it has recently become fashionable for physicists themselves to be sympathetic toward religion . . . attach the physicists own lack of confidence in the validity of t inheritor hypotheses, which is a reaction on their p craft from the anti spiritual dogmatism of nineteenth-century scientists, and a natural knocked out(p)come of the crisis through which physics has just passed. A. J. Ayer. . . . once one and only(a) has understood the Tractatus at that place will be no temptation to concern oneself anymore with philosophical system, which is neither empirical like in take ination nor tautological like mathematics one will, like Wittgenstein in 1918, abandon philosophy, which, as custom altogethery understood, is rooted in confusion. J. O. Urmson.Traditional philosophy, al approximately by definition, has concerned itself with the unsaid. The nearly exclusive focus on the said by twentieth-century analytical linguistic philosophers is the shargond contention that the unsaid is unsaid because it is un eitheregeable. Hegelian philosophy make intelligence in the nineteenth century and must get to been soothing to a century that was b arly getting over Hume, the Enlightenment, and Kant.1 Hegels philosophy was in addition capable of giving cover for a defense of religious beliefs, supplying an alternative to Newtonian mechanics, and fitting in with the growth of history as a discipline, as well as accepting Darwinian biology.2 He appe bed to give an acceptable resolution to the conflict between theology and cognition, as well. The result of Hegels influence has been that a wide majority of contemporary philosophers are really little more than historians of philosophy, Librarians of the Truth, so to let out. unrivaled begins to get the impression that there is zip fastener more to be said. And veritablely if one realizes the implications of Wittgensteins thought process, and the thinking influenced by him and after him, Continental philosophy need not seriously be considered here.3 Is there a reason for the unreality of philosophy in our time? Perhaps this toilette be answered by looking into the difference between our time and the centuries forward us. In the bypast slices conclusions some the world were based on the information he had about it if not specifically like the empiricists, hence generally like the rationalists.Often in fact, the closeness between science and philosophy was so great that scientists and philosophers were one and the same person. In fact, from the times of Thales, Epicurus, Heraclitus, and Aristotle to Desc devicees and Leibnitz, the great names in philosophy were often great names in science as well.4 That the world as perceived by twentieth-century science is a vastly different one than the one of its preceding century, need not be proved here.Is it possible, then, that in effect man has learned so some(prenomi nal), and his intelligence is much(prenominal), that he cannot believe the reasoning of handed-down philosophy? That perhaps he k right offs too much about the world to make those kinds of conclusions? As Sir crowd Jeans has conjure upd . . . When philosophy has availed itself of the results of science, it has not been by borrowing the abstract mathematical description of the pattern of chargets, solely by borrowing the then current graphic description of this pattern thus it has not appropriated certain knowledge but conjectures. These conjectures were often good enough for the man-sized world, but not, as we now know, for those supreme processes of nature which control the happenings of the man-sized world, and bring us nearest to the true nature of reality.5He continuesOne consequence of this is that the standard philosophical discussions of many problems, such(prenominal) as those of causality and free will orof materialism or mentalism, are based on an interpretation of the pattern of events which is no longer tenable. The scientific infrastructure of these older discussions has been washed a path, and with their disappearance have gone all the arguments . . .6The twentieth century brought in a time that could be called the end of philosophy and the commencement exercise of maneuver. I do not mean that, of course, strictly speaking, but rather as the tendency of the situation. Certainly linguistic philosophy can be considered the heir to empiricism, but its a philosophy in one gear.7 And there is certainly an ruseistic production control to wile take preceding Duchamp, but its opposite functions or reasons-to-be are so pronounced that its ability to function understandably as graphics limits its imposture condition so drastically that its only minimally device.8 In no mechanistic sense is there a connection between philosophys ending and tricks get, but I dont acquire this occurrence entirely coincidental. Though the same reasons may be responsible for both occurrences, the connection is made by me.I bring this all up to fail dodges function and subsequently its viability. And I do so to enable new(prenominal)s to understand the reasoning of my and, by extension, other fine artificers art, as well to provide a clearer understanding of the term Conceptual art.9 THE FUNCTION OF ART The main qualifications to the lesser position of pictorial matter is that advances in art are certainly not almodal values formal ones. Donald Judd (1963). Half or more of the best radical name in the cash in ones chips few years has been neither painting nor sculpture. Donald Judd (1965). E reallything sculpture has, my represent doesnt. Donald Judd (1967). The idea becomes a machine that makes the art. Sol LeWitt (1965) The one thing to say about art is that it is one thing. Art is art-as-art and everything else is everything else. Art as art is nothing but art.Art is not what is not art. Ad Reinhardt (1963). The meanin g is the use. Wittgenstein. A more practiseing(a) approach to the study of constructs has tended to replace the method of introspection. Instead of attempting to grasp or describe concepts bare, so to speak, the psychologist investigates the focus in which they function as ingredients in beliefs and in judgments. Irving M. Copi. Meaning is always a presupposition of function. T. Segerstedt. . . . the subject matter of conceptual investigations is the meaning of certain words and expressions and not the things and states of affairs themselves about which we talk, when using those words and expressions. G. H. Von Wright. thought process is radically metaphorical. Linkage by analogy is its constituent law or principle, its causal nexus, since meaning only arises through the causal stage settings by which a gull stands for (takes the place of) an in locating of a sort. To think of anything is to take it as of a sort (as a such and such) and that as brings in (openly or in disguis e) the analogy, the parallel, the metaphoric grapple or ground or grasp or draw by which alone the mind takes hold. It takes no hold if there is nothing for it to arrest from, for its thinking is the haul, the attraction of likes I. A. Richards.In this section I will discuss the separation between estheticals and art consider briefly formalist art (because it is a winding proponent of the idea of aesthetics as art), and assert that art is analogous to an analytic overture, and that it is arts existence as a redundancy that enables art to remain aloof from philosophical presumptions. It is necessary to recount aesthetics from art because aesthetics deals with opinions on perception of the world in general. In the past one of the two prongs of arts function was its appreciate as decoration. So any branch of philosophy that dealt with beauty and thus, taste, was inevitably duty bank to discuss art as well. Out of this habit grew the notion that there was a conceptual connectio n between art and aesthetics, which is not true.This idea neer drastically conflicted with artistic considerations before recent times, not only because the morphological characteristics of art perpetuated the continuity of this error, but as well, because the apparent other functions of art (depiction of religious themes, portraiture of aristocrats, detailing of architecture, etc.) used art to cover up art. When objects are presented within the context of art (and until recently objects always have been used) they are as eligible for aesthetic consideration as are any objects in the world, and an aesthetic consideration of an object existing in the realm of art nub that the objects existence or functioning in an art context is irrelevant to the aesthetic judgment. The relation of aesthetics to art is not distant that of aesthetics to architecture, in that architecture has a very specific function and how good its design is is primarily associate to how well it performs its func tion.Thus, judgments on what it looks like gibe to taste, and we can see that throughout history different examples of architecture are praised at different times depending on the aesthetics of position epochs. esthetic thinking has even gone so further nigh as to make examples of architecture not related to art at all, workings of art in themselves (e.g., the pyramids of Egypt). Aesthetic considerations are indeed always extraneous to an objects function or reason-tobe. Unless of course, that objects reason-to-be is strictly aesthetic.An example of a purely aesthetic object is a decorative object, for decorations primary function is to add almostthing to, so as to make more attractive adorn ornament,10 and this relates directly to taste. And this leads us directly to formalist art and criticism.11 Formalist art (painting and sculpture) is the vanguard of decoration, and, strictly speaking, one could reasonably assert that its art condition is so minimal that for all functional purposes it is not art at all, but pure exercises in aesthetics. Above all things Clement Greenberg is the critic of taste. Behind every one of his decisions is an aesthetic judgment, with those judgments reflecting his taste. And what does his taste reflect? The period he grew up in as a critic, the period real for him the fifties.12How else can one account for, given his theories if they have any logic to them at all his disinterest in Frank Stella, Ad Reinhardt, and others applicable to his historical scheme? Is it because he is . . . basically unsympathetic on personally experiential grounds?13 Or, in other words, their work doesnt suit his taste? But in the philosophic tabula rasa of art, if soulfulness calls it art, as Don Judd has said, its art. Given this, formalist painting and sculpture can be granted an art condition, but only by virtue of their presentment in terms of their art idea (e.g., a rectangular-shaped canvas stretched over wooden supports and stained with s uch and such colors, using such and such forms, giving such and such a opthalmic experience, etc.). If one looks at contemporary art in this light one realizes the minimal creative effort taken on the part of formalist artists specifically, and all painters and sculptors (working as such today) generally.This brings us to the realization that formalist art and criticism accepts as a definition of art one that exists solo on morphological grounds. While a vast standard of similar looking objects or images (or visually related objects or images) may seem to be related (or connected) because of a similarity of visual/experiential readings, one cannot claim from this an artistic or conceptual relationship. It is obvious then that formalist criticisms reliance on word structure leads inevitably with a bias toward the morphology of traditional art. And in this sense their criticism is not related to a scientific method or any sort of empiricism (as Michael Fried, with his detailed de scriptions of paintings and other scholarly paraphernalia would want us to believe).Formalist criticism is no more than an analysis of the physical attributes of particular objects that happen to exist in a morphological context. But this doesnt add any knowledge (or facts) to our understanding of the nature or function of art. And neither does it comment on whether or not the objects analyzed are even works of art, in that formalist critics always bypass the conceptual element in works of art. Exactly why they dont comment on the conceptual element in works of art is precisely because formalist art is only art by virtue of its resemblance to earlier works of art. Its a mindless art. Or, as Lucy Lippard so succinctly described Jules Olitskis paintings theyre visual Muzak.14 Formalist critics and artists alike do not question the nature of art, but as I have said elsewhere Being an artist now means to question the nature of art. If one is questioning the nature of painting, one canno t be questioning the nature of art. If an artist accepts painting (or sculpture) he is accepting the tradition that goes with it. Thats because the word art is general and the word painting is specific. Painting is a kind of art. If you make paintings you are already accepting (not questioning) the nature of art. One is then accepting the nature of art to be the European tradition of a painting-sculpture dichotomy.15The strongest objection one can raise against a morphological confession for traditional art is that morphological notions of art embody an implied a priori concept of arts possibilities. And such an a priori concept of the nature of art (as separate from analytically framed art propositions or work, which I will discuss later) makes it, indeed, a priori impossible to question the nature of art. And this questioning of the nature of art is a very important concept in understanding the function of art.The function of art, as a question, was first raised by Marcel Duchamp . In fact it is Marcel Duchamp whom we can credit with giving art its own identity. (One can certainly see a tendency toward this self-identification of art beginning with Manet and Czanne through to Cubism,16 but their works are timid and ambiguous by comparison with Duchamps.) Modern art and the work before seemed connected by virtue of their morphology. other way of putting it would be that arts language remained the same, but it was saying new things. The event that made conceivable the realization that it was possible to speak another language and still make sense in art was Marcel Duchamps first unassisted Ready-made. With the unassisted Ready-made, art changed its focus from the form of the language to what was universe said. Which means that it changed the nature of art from a question of morphology to a question of function.This change one from appearance to conception was the beginning of modern art and the beginning of conceptual art. All art (after Duchamp) is concep tual (in nature) because art only exists conceptually. The value of particular artists after Duchamp can be weighed accord to how much they questioned the nature of art which is another way of saying what they added to the conception of art or what wasnt there before they started. Artists question the nature of art by presenting new propositions as to arts nature. And to do this one cannot concern oneself with the handed-down language of traditional art, as this activity is based on the assumption that there is only one way of framing art propositions. But the very stuff of art is indeed greatly related to creating new propositions.The case is often made particularly in reference to Duchamp that objects of art (such as the Ready-mades, of course, but all art is implied in this) are judged as objets dart in later years and the artists intentions become irrelevant. Such an argument is the case of a preconceived notion ordering together not necessarily related facts. The point is th is aesthetics, as we have pointed out, are conceptually irrelevant to art. Thus, any physical thing can become objet dart, that is to say, can be considered tasteful, aesthetically pleasing, etc. But this has no bearing on the objects application to an art context that is, its functioning in an art context. (E.g., if a collector takes a painting, attaches legs, and uses it as a dining table its an act unrelated to art or the artist because, as art, that wasnt the artists intention.) And what holds true for Duchamps work applies as well to most of the art after him. In other words, the value of Cubism for instance is its idea in the realm of art, not the physical or visual qualities seen in a specific painting, or the particularization of certain colors or shapes.For these colors and shapes are the arts language, not its meaning conceptually as art. To look upon a Cubist masterwork now as art is nonsensical, conceptually speaking, as far as art is concerned. (That visual informatio n that was unique in Cubisms language has now been generally absorbed and has a lot to do with the way in which one deals with painting linguistically. E.g., what a Cubist painting meant experimentally and conceptually to, say, Gertrude Stein, is beyond our speculation because the same painting then meant something different than it does now.) The value now of an original Cubist painting is not unlike, in most respects, an original manuscript by Lord Byron, or The Spirit of St. Louis as it is seen in the Smithsonian Institution. (Indeed, museums fill the very same function as the Smithsonian Institution why else would the Jeu de Paume wing of the Louvre exhibitCzannes and Van Goghs palettes as proudly as they do their paintings?) Actual works of art are little more than historical curiosities. As far as art is concerned Van Goghs paintings arent worth any more than his palette is. They are both collectors items.17 Art lives through influencing other art, not by existing as the phys ical residue of an artists ideas. The reason that different artists from the past are brought alive again is because some survey of their work becomes usable by living artists. That there is no truth as to what art is seems quite unrealized. What is the function of art, or the nature of art? If we continue our analogy of the forms art takes as being arts language one can realize then that a work of art is a kind of proposition presented within the context of art as a comment on art. We can then go further and analyze the types of propositions.A. J. Ayers evaluation of Kants distinction between analytic and synthetic is useful to us here A proposition is analytic when its validity depends solely on the definitions of the symbols it contains, and synthetic when its validity is determined by the facts of experience.18 The analogy I will attempt to make is one between the art condition and the condition of the analytic proposition. In that they dont appear to be believable as anything else, or be about anything (other than art) the forms of art most clearly finally referable only to art have been forms closest to analytical propositions. Works of art are analytic propositions. That is, if viewed within their context as art they provide no information whatsoever about any matter of fact. A work of art is a tautology in that it is a presentation of the artists intention, that is, he is saying that that particular work of art is art, which means, is a definition of art.Thus, that it is art is true a priori (which is what Judd means when he states that if someone calls it art, its art). Indeed, it is nearly impossible to discuss art in general terms without talking in tautologies for to attempt to grasp art by any other handle is merely to focus on another aspect or quality of the proposition, which is usually irrelevant to the artworks art condition. One begins to realize that arts art condition is a conceptual state. That the language forms that the artist frame s his propositions in are often private codes or languages is an inevitable outcome of arts freedom from morphological constrictions and it follows from this that one has to be familiar with contemporary art to appreciate it and understand it. Likewise one understands why the man in the street is intolerant to artistic art and always demands art in a traditional language. (And one understands why formalist art sells like hot cakes.)Only in painting and sculpture did the artists all speak the same language. What is called Novelty Art by the formalists is often the attempt to find new languages, although a new language doesnt necessarily mean the framing of new propositions e.g., most kinetic and electronic art. Another way of stating, in relation to art, what Ayer asserted about the analytic method in the context of language would be the following The validity of artistic propositions is not dependent on any empirical, much less any aesthetic, presupposition about the nature of thing s. For the artist, as an analyst, is not directly concerned with the physical properties of things. He is concerned only with the way (1) in which art is capable of conceptual growth and (2) how his propositions are capable of logically following that growth.19 In other words, the propositions of art are not factual, but linguistic in character that is, they do not describe the behavior of physical, or even mental objects they express definitions of art, or the formal consequences of definitions of art.Accordingly, we can say that art operates on a logic. For we shall see that the characteristic mark of a purely logical inquiry is that it is concerned with the formal consequences of our definitions (of art) and not with questions of empirical fact.20 To repeat, what art has in common with logic and mathematics is that it is a tautology i.e., the art idea (or work) and art are the same and can be appreciated as art without going remote the context of art for verification.On the oth er hand, let us consider why art cannot be (or has hindrance when it attempts to be) a synthetic proposition. Or, that is to say, when the truth or falsity of its assertion is verifiable on empirical grounds. Ayer states . . . The criterion by which we determine the validity of an a priori or analytical proposition is not sufficient to determine the validity of an empirical or synthetic proposition. For it is characteristic of empirical propositions that their validity is not purely formal. To say that a geometrical proposition, or a system of geometrical propositions, is false, is to say that it is self-contradictory. But an empirical proposition, or a system of empirical propositions, may be free from contradiction and still be false. It is said to be false, not because it is formally defective, but because it fails to satisfy some material criterion.21The unreality of realistic art is due to its framing as an art proposition in synthetic terms one is always tempted to verify the proposition empirically. Realisms synthetic state does not bring one to a circular swing back into a dialogue with the larger framework of questions about the nature of art (as does the work of Malevich, Mondrian, Pollock, Reinhardt, early Rauschenberg, Johns, Lichtenstein, Warhol, Andre, Judd, Flavin, LeWitt, Morris, and others), but rather, one is flung out of arts orbit into the infinite space of the human condition. Pure Expressionism, continuing with Ayers terms, could be considered as such A sentence which consisted of demonstrative symbols would not express a genuine proposition. It would be a mere ejaculation, in no way characterizing that to which it was supposed to refer.Expressionist works are usually such ejaculations presented in the morphological language of traditional art. If Pollock is important it is because he painted on loose canvas horizontally to the floor. What isnt important is that he later put those drippings over stretchers and hung them parallel to the w all. (In other words what is important in art is what one brings to it, not ones adoption of what was previously existing.) What is even less important to art is Pollocks notions of self-expression because those kinds of subjective meanings are futile to anyone other than those involved with him personally. And their specific quality puts them outside of arts context. I do not make art, Richard Serra says, I am engaged in an activity if someone wants to call it art, thats his business, but its not up to me to decide that. Thats all figured out later. Serra, then, is very much aware of the implications of his work.If Serra is indeed just figuring out what lead does (gravitationally, molecularly, etc.), why should anyone think of it as art? If he doesnt take the responsibility of it being art, who can, or should? His work certainly appears to be empirically verifiable lead can do, and be used for, many physical activities. In itself this does anything but lead us into a dialogue abou t the nature of art. In a sense then he is a primitive. He has no idea about art. How is it then that we know about his activity?Because he has told us it is art by his actions after his activity has taken place. That is, by the fact that he is with several(prenominal) galleries, puts the physical residue of his activity in museums (and sells them to art collectors but as we have pointed out, collectors are irrelevant to the condition of art of a work). That he denies his work is art but plays the artist is more than just a paradox. Serra secretly feels that arthood is arrived at empirically. Thus, as Ayer has stated There are no absolutely certain empirical propositions. It is only tautologies that are certain. Empirical questions are one and all hypotheses, which may be confirmed or discredited in actual sense experience. And the propositions in which we record the observations that verify these hypotheses are themselves hypotheses which are subject to the test of further sense e xperience. Thus there is no final proposition.22What one finds all throughout the writings of Ad Reinhardt is this very similar thesis of artas-art, and that art is always dead, and a living art is a deception.23 Reinhardt had a very clear idea about the nature of art, and his importance is far from recognized. Because forms of art that can be considered synthetic propositions are verifiable by the world, that is to say, to understand these propositions one must leave the tautological-like framework of art and consider outside information. But to consider it as art it is necessary to ignore this same outside information, because outside information (experiential qualities, to note) has its own intrinsic worth. And to comprehend this worth one does not need a state of art condition.From this it is easy to realize that arts viability is not connected to the presentation of visual (or other) kinds of experience. That that may have been one of arts extraneous functions in the preceding centuries is not un believably. After all, man in even the nineteenth century lived in a fairly standardized visual environment. That is, it was ordinarily predictable as to what he would be approach into contact with day after day. His visual environment in the part of the world in which he lived was fairly consistent. In our time we have an experientially drastically richer environment. One can fly all over the earth in a matter of hours and days, not months. We have the cinema, and color television, as well as the man-made spectacle of the lights of Las Vegas or the skyscrapers of New York City.The whole world is there to be seen, and the whole world can watch man walk on the stagnate from their living rooms. Certainly art or objects of painting and sculpture cannot be expected to compete experientially with this? The notion of use is relevant to art and its language. Recently the stroke or cube form has been used a great deal within the context of art. (Take for instance its use by Judd, Morris, LeWitt, Bladen, Smith, Bell, and McCracken not even mentioning the quantity of boxes and cubes that came after.) The difference between all the various uses of the box or cube form is directly related to the differences in the intentions of the artists. Further, as is particularly seen in Judds work, the use of the box or cube form illustrates very well our earlier claim that an object is only art when placed in the context of art.A few examples will point this out. One could say that if one of Judds box forms was seen filled with debris, seen placed in an industrial setting, or even merely seen sitting on a street corner, it would not be identified with art. It follows then that understanding and consideration of it as an artwork is necessary a priori to viewing it in order to see it as a work of art. Advance information about the concept of art and about an artists concepts is necessary to the appreciation and understanding of contemporary art. Any and all of the physical attributes (qualities) of contemporary works, if considered separately and/or specifically, are irrelevant to the art concept. The art concept (as Judd said, though he didnt mean it this way) must be considered in its whole. To consider a concepts parts is invariably to consider aspects that are irrelevant to its art condition or like reading parts of a definition.It comes as no surprise that the art with the least fixed morphology is the example from which we decipher the nature of the general term art. For where there is a context existing separately of its morphology and consisting of its function one is more likely to find results less conforming and predictable. It is in modern arts possession of a language with the shortest history that the plausibility of the abandonment of that language becomes most possible. It is understandable then that the art that came out of Western painting and sculpture is the most energetic, questioning (of its nature), and the least assuming of all the general art concerns. In the final analysis, however, all of the arts have but (in Wittgensteins terms) a family resemblance. Yet the various qualities relatable to an art condition possessed by poetry, the novel, the cinema, the theatre, and various forms of music, etc., is that aspect of them most reliable to the function of art as asserted here.Is not the decline of poetry relatable to the implied metaphysics from poetrys use of common language as an art language?24 In New York the last decadent stages of poetry can be seen in the move by Concrete poets recently toward the use of actual objects and theatre.25 Can it be that they feel the unreality of their art form? We see now that the axioms of a geometry are simply definitions, and that the theorems of a geometry are simply the logical consequences of these definitions. A geometry is not in itself about physical space in itself it cannot be said to be about anything. But we can use a geometry to reason about physical space.That is to say, once we have given the axioms a physical interpretation, we can proceed to apply the theorems to the objects which satisfy the axioms. Whether a geometry can be applied to the actual physical world or not, is an empirical question which falls outside the scope of geometry itself. There is no sense, therefore, in asking which of the various geometries known to us are false and which are true. Insofar as they are all free from contradiction, they are all true. The proposition which states that a certain application of a geometry is possible is not itself a proposition of that geometry. All that the geometry itself tells us is that if anything can be brought under the definitions, it will in any case satisfy the theorems. It is therefore a purely logical system, and its propositions are purely analytic propositions. A. J. Ayer26Here then I propose rests the viability of art. In an age when traditional philosophy is unreal because of its assumptions, art s ability to exist will depend not only on its not performing a avail as entertainment, visual (or other) experience, or decoration which is something easily replaced by kitsch culture, and technology, but, rather, it will remain viable by not assuming a philosophical stance for in arts unique character is the capacity to remain alooffrom philosophical judgments. It is in this context that art shares similarities with logic, mathematics, and, as well, science. But whereas the other determinations are useful, art is not. Art indeed exists for its own sake. In this period of man, after philosophy and religion, art may possibly be one endeavor that fulfills what another age might have called mans spiritual needs. Or, another way of putting it might be that art deals analogously with the state of things beyond physics where philosophy had to make assertions. And arts strength is that even the preceding sentence is an assertion, and cannot be verified by art. Arts only claim is for a rt. Art is the definition of art.NOTES * Reprinted from Studio International (October, 1969). 1 Morton White, The Age of Analysis (New York Mentor Books), p. 14. 2 Ibid., p. 15. 3 I mean by this Existentialism and Phenomenology. Even Merleau-Ponty, with his middle-of-the-road position between empiricism and rationalism, cannot express his philosophy without the use of words (thus using concepts) and following this, how can one discuss experience without sharp distinctions between ourselves and the world? 4 Sir James Jeans, Physics and Philosophy (Ann Arbor, Mich. University of Michigan Press), p. 17. 5 Ibid., p. 190. 6 Ibid., p. 190. 7 The task such philosophy has taken upon itself is the only function it could perform without making philosophic assertions. 8 This is dealt with in the following section. 9 I would like to make it clear, however, that I have in mind to speak for no one else. I arrived at these conclusions alone, and indeed, it is from this thinking that my art since 1966 (if not before) evolved.Only recently did I realize after meeting terrycloth Atkinson that he and Michael Baldwin share similar, though certainly not identical, opinions to mine. 10 Websters New World Dictionary of the American Language. 11 The conceptual level of the work of Kenneth Noland, Jules Olitski, Morris Louis, Ron Davis, Anthony Caro, John Hoyland, Dan Christensen, et al., is so dismally low, that any that is there is supplied by the critics promoting it. This is seen later. 12 Michael Frieds reasons for using Greenbergs rationale reflect his background (and most of the other formalist critics) as a scholar, but more of it is due to his appetite, I suspect, to bring his scholarly studies into the modern world. One can easily sympathize with his desire to connect, say, Tiepolo with Jules Olitski. One should never forget, however, that a historian loves history more than anything, even art.13 Lucy Lippard uses this quotation in a footnote to Ad Reinhardts retro muni ment, January, 1967, p. 28. 14 Lucy Lippard, Constellation by Harsh Daylight The Whitney Annual, Hudson Review, Vol. 21, No. 1 (Spring, 1968). 15 Arthur R. Rose, Four Interviews, Arts Magazine (February, 1969). 16 As Terry Atkinson pointed out in his introduction to Art-Language (Vol. 1, No. 1), the Cubists never questioned if art had morphological characteristics, but which ones in painting were acceptable. 17 When someone buys a Flavin he isnt acquire a light show, for if he was he could just go to a hardware store and get the goods for considerably less. He isnt buying anything. He is subsidizing Flavins activity as an artist. 18 A. J. Ayer, Language, Truth, and Logic (New York Dover Publications), p. 78. 19 Ibid., p. 57.20 Ibid., p. 57. 21 Ibid., p.90. 22 Ibid., p. 94. 23 Ad Reinhardts retrospective catalogue (Jewish Museum, January, 1967) written by Lucy Lippard, p. 12. 24 It is poetrys use of common language to attempt to say the unsayable that is problematic, not any inheren t problem in the use of language within the context of art. 25 Ironically, many of them call themselves Conceptual Poets. Much of this work is very similar to Walter de Marias work and this is not coincidental de Marias work functions as a kind of object poetry, and his intentions are very poetic he really wants his work to change mens lives. 26 Op. cit., p. 82.