Essay --

On Friday, 19, 1971, Cornelius Neil Sheehan of the New York Times received copies of a Defense Department study labeled Top obscure Sensitive regarding U.S. foreign affairs in Vietnam. At that time, the U.S. was deeply involved in the Vietnam War, with no foreseeable end. Sheehan had received the documents, entitled United States Vietnam Relations, 1945-1967, from Daniel Ellsberg, a defense lawyers analyst formerly employed at RAND Corporation. As Sheehan and his colleagues examined the study, an argument sparked over whether the papers would ever be released. Some argued it was treasonous to publish stories based on critical parts of a 7,000-page, 47-volume, top-secret government study. Others believed that it was the duty of the Times to release the truth about what truly was happening in Vietnam. Arthur Sulzberger, the publisher of the newspaper, was out-of-the-way(prenominal) less than eager about publication. He was uneasy about a dissertation so obviously critical to nat ional security.Finally, on June 11, Sulzberger called Times executives to his bit and announced he had decided to go ahead as planned. On June 13, 1971, The New York Times ran the stories covered up by four presidents Harry Truman, Dwight Eisenhower, tooshie Kennedy, and Lyndon Johnson. Less than three weeks after the release of the stories, the Supreme Court would issue a landmark ruling.In any case involving classified government material, the pay off of the people to know the information must be weighed against the responsibility of the government to protect its citizens. In this particular case, the right of the people to know what has been hidden from them by countless officials for dozens of years severely outweighs the responsibility of the government to protect old ... ...r 7, 1964, that air raids would be necessary to win the Vietnam War. Apparently, the Nixon Administration reached a kindred conclusion, because toward the end of the war, because right after the Pent agon Paper were released President Nixon ordered an extensive bombing campaign on the North Vietnamese. The study also revealed that President Johnson on the Q.T. paved the way for ground combat in Vietnam. Based on the evidence, it seems that Johnson, or at least his administration were interested in escalating the war in Vietnam, not ending it, as they had announced to the public. The entirety of the Pentagon Papers suggests that the United States escalated the Vietnam War, instead of trying to bring it to an end. It was the responsibility of the press to exercise its right of stop speech, and the right of the public to know that the government they trusted had lied.

Essay --

Capillary Liquid Chromatography- Mass SpectrometryWhat is Chromatography? Chromatography is the technical term for a deposit of laboratory approaches for the separation of mixtures (Solid/Liquid/Gas). The mixture is dissolved in a fluid which called the mobile phase, which carries it through a structure holding another stuff known as the stationary phase. The various constituents of the mixture transport at different velocities, causing them to separate. The separation is mainly based on differential separate between the mobile and its stationary phases. Subtle differences in a compounds partition coefficient result in differential retention time on the stationary phase and thus changing the separation (Tomer, et al., 1994). Chromatography can be preparative or analytical. The basic purpose of preparative chromatography is to separate the components of a mixture for more(prenominal) advanced uses (and also it is a method of purification). Analytical chromato graphy is done normally with smaller amounts of material and is for measuring the relative proportions of analytic in a mixture. The two are not mutually exclusive (Covey, et al., 1986). Basically chromatography methods can categorize based on several factors. by chromatographic bed shape1. tower chromatography2. Planner chromatography (Paper and Thin layer methods)Displacement Chromatographyby physical state of mobile phase1.Gas2.Liquidby separation mechanism1. surface assimilation chromatography2.Ion exchange chromatography3.Size exclusion chromatography4.Partition chromatography5.Affinity chromatographyFigure 1 Classification of Chromatography techniques. Liquid Chromatography Liquid chromatography (LC) is an analytical c... ... their mass / charge ratio (m/z). some(prenominal) different techniques are available for both ionization and ion analysis, resulting in many different catogories of mass spectrometers with different combinations of these two processes. In pra ctice, some combinations are furthermost more versatile than others and the following descriptions focus on the major types of ion sources and mass analyzers that used in LC-MS systems.Ion Sources1)Electrospray ionisation Source2)Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Source3)Atmospheric Pressure Photo IonizationMass Analyzers1)Quadruple Analyzers2)Time-of-flight Analyzers3)Ion Trap Analyzers4)Hybrid AnalyzersApplications of Capillary liquid chromatography- mass spectrometryBiochemical coating or genetic disorders,Drug Monitoring and Toxicology,Vitamins and Related Metabolites,Analysis of Steroid Hormones

The History of the Coffeehouse :: essays research papers

The first deep brownhouse the world had ever seen was founded in Constantinople, besides becoming Istanbul in 1475. It was such a huge success that right after it opened, two to a greater extent appeared. So began a fascination with coffee that would last 300 more years. The reason the first coffeehouse did not open in, say, England, was location. Since Turkey was only a quick sail away from the original brewer of coffee, Arabia, traders could get the coffee to the city with minimal effort. The Europeans were completely out of the coffee trading loop until coffee began to make its way into the hands of Venetian traders, leading the Italians to be the first Europeans to found coffeehouses. Slowly, coffeehouses came to open in England as well, the first opening in 1652. However, there was still the problem of transporting all that coffee from Turkey or the Middle East, a costly business. This problem was solved when the Turks, defeated in battle, left sacks upon sacks of the flavorf ul beans behind in parts of Europe. This created an abundance of coffee houses in Vienna, where there was large amounts of this left-behind coffee. Eventually, the storehouses began to run low on coffee, now very much in demand with the Europeans. You may be wondering, why didnt they just bring up some coffee? First of all, the merchants who sold the beans knew this, and sold the beans in non growing conditions (such as already ground up.) Secondly, people did try to grow coffee- scarce on European soil, the beans that were usable floundered and died. If they managed to get usable coffee beans at all, (it was illegal to get them) you wouldnt have nearly enough to support in time the smallest coffeehouse for a week. The Dutch trading companies knew all this, but they came up with a new, radical notion- why not get some beans, but grow them not in Europe but in the East Indies So the Dutch smuggled a small amount of un ground or process coffee beans out of the Arabian port of Moch a, then shipped them to Ceylon and the East Indies for cultivation. 30 years later, a French naval officer named Gabriel De Clieu sailed for the Caribbean island of Martinique. When he arrived, he happened to be carrying some un cultivated coffee beans. (Well never know how those got there.) He casually sold it to the locals, unwittingly starting one of the worlds largest coffee producers.

Minorities in Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and Song of Solomon :: Song Solomon essays

Minorities within Minorities in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and melody of Solomon In a study about minorities, the groups that be differing from the dominant socialisation ar seen as homogeneous. But, if we look deeper into the groups, we can see that there are distinctions among the minorities concerning lifestyle and social status. In Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, Push, and Song of Solomon the authors gave some examples in the background of their stories that shows people with differential identities of the general identity of the minorities. In the autobiographical Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, we see that the put out African-American people form a group which is much less in number than the slaves. We surely cannot properly call them minorities in its general sense, merely as having a different situation than the rest of the African-American population. When taking the stories of Jacobs as a basis, it is inevitable to talk about only t he situation in South. We can identify the free African-Americans in the South as having fulfilled the most grand dream of every slave. These people are mostly ex-slaves, who are manage free by their masters or who bought their own freedom. With the new generations coming there are also freeborn blacks whose parents were ex-slaves. Although fulfilled their most important dream, these people are not happy and fearless as they should be. White people of the South just couldnt bear the fact that any black mortal was called free. In fact the African-Americans were always living with the danger of being unjustly accused of any kind of crime. As Linda is telling us, white people hunting every house where black people live and put around false evidence to be able to severely punish and even tear the people they hate so much (ch.12). We learn from the stories that is not always a guarantee to be free from slave hood. Linda tells us how her grandmother was set free as a child but then recaptured and sold to other white people as a slave (341-342). There are also some rules concerning the marriage of these so called free African-Americans. If a free black man is married to a slave woman, he has no baron to protect his wife from any kind of abuse coming from her master.

Gender Roles, Socialization and Relationships Essay -- Sociology

Watch the classical film Grease and one will understand how affinitys drop dead in western Society. The film tells a story of a boy (Danny) and a girl (Sandy) who falls in love. Through a series of misunderstandings they pall up, but still care enough about each other that they still try revive their relationship. Through ballads such as Summer iniquitys that are still popular today, the film shows how differently males and females resume relationships. Danny, for example, describes his relationship in more physical terms while Sandy describes her relationship in much more emotional terms such as what they did that night. Films like Grease are like a mirror, reflecting societal values and how it socializes its members. It makes top out that in relationships, males like Dannyare socialized to view relationships as mostly a physical, sexual endeavor, while females like Sandy view it as an emotional bond, that is has resulted from a deeper connection between the two individuals within a relationship.It is tempting to believe that when couples say that they are in love, they view their love in the equivalent way that they have successfully defined their relationship. Love after all, is the only legitimate reason for marriage in western society and one should at least be on the same page before entering into a perpetual union (Henslin 468). Sociologists like to say that romantic love is quiet of two components sexual attraction (a biological response) and idealization of the other (a societal created response that promotes a bond between two individuals) (Henslin 468). However this is a precise simple definition of love because it turns out that romantic love is in the eye of the beholder. Researchers of heterosexual love have ... ... completely differently. It is not stretch then to conclude that a dating couple who is watching this movie will be reinforced in what they already believe. The man will still view relationships as mostly physical and se xual and the women, as a means to satisfy her emotional needs and that of her offspring.Works CitedDosser, David A., Jack O. Balswick, and Charles F. Halverson Jr. Male Inexpressiveness and Relationships. daybook of Social and Personal Relationships 3.241 (1986) 241-58. Print. Gray, Peter. Psychology. 6th ed. New York Worth, 2011. Print. Henslin, James M. Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach. 10th ed. Ally & Bacon, 2010. Print. Kanin, Eugene J., Karen R. Davidson, and Sonia R. Scheck. A Research Note on Male-Female Differentials in Experience of Heterosexual Love. The Journal of Sex Research 6.1 (1970) 64-72. Print.

Gender Roles, Socialization and Relationships Essay -- Sociology

Watch the classical film Grease and one will understand how relationships function in western Society. The film tells a story of a boy (Danny) and a girl (Sandy) who falls in love. Through a series of misunderstandings they break up, just still care enough about each other that they still try revive their relationship. Through ballads such as Summer Nights that are still popular today, the film shows how differently males and females view relationships. Danny, for example, describes his relationship in more physical terms while Sandy describes her relationship in much more emotional terms such as what they did that night. Films like Grease are like a mirror, reflecting societal values and how it socializes its members. It makes clear that in relationships, males like Dannyare socialized to view relationships as mostly a physical, sexual endeavor, while females like Sandy view it as an emotional bond, that is has resulted from a deeper connection between the dickens individuals wit hin a relationship.It is tempting to believe that when couples say that they are in love, they view their love in the same focus that they have successfully defined their relationship. Love after all, is the only legitimate reason for marriage in western society and one should at least be on the same page before entering into a perpetual union (Henslin 468). Sociologists like to say that romantic love is composed of two components sexual attraction (a biological response) and idealization of the other (a societal created response that promotes a bond between two individuals) (Henslin 468). However this is a very unbiased definition of love because it turns out that romantic love is in the eye of the beholder. Researchers of heterosexual love have ... ... completely differently. It is not stretch then to close that a dating couple who is watching this movie will be reinforced in what they already believe. The man will still view relationships as mostly physical and sexual and the women, as a means to satisfy her emotional needs and that of her offspring.Works CitedDosser, David A., Jack O. Balswick, and Charles F. Halverson Jr. Male Inexpressiveness and Relationships. Journal of complaisant and Personal Relationships 3.241 (1986) 241-58. Print. Gray, Peter. Psychology. 6th ed. New York Worth, 2011. Print. Henslin, James M. Sociology A Down-to-Earth Approach. 10th ed. Ally & Bacon, 2010. Print. Kanin, Eugene J., Karen R. Davidson, and Sonia R. Scheck. A Research Note on Male-Female Differentials in attend of Heterosexual Love. The Journal of Sex Research 6.1 (1970) 64-72. Print.

Cultural Variations in Attachment (Psychology)

Discuss cultural variations in appendages. A culture is a stem of people who have their own norms, values and customs. The Kroonenberg airfield showed that in a study of 8 countries the culture bail bonds patterns seem to be quite similar. The most common attachment type was a stop attachment. In western countries the dominant attachment type was avoidant and in non-western countries the dominant type was resistant. These results were reached from data from 2000 strange power studies in 32 different countries.There are many cross-cultural similarities such as in Ainsworths Uganda study she observed various universals in attachment behaviour. This study showed that infants in Uganda were similar to infants in the UK and USA because they used their puzzles as a secure base for exploration, and mothers of securely attached infants showed more sensitivity towards their infants than those who were insecurely attached. Tronick studied an African tribe who live in extended family gr oups.The infants are looked after and even breastfed by different women but normally sleep with their mother at night times. Despite the different reverencers the infants still showed one primary attachment to the mother. Fox studies infants raised on Israeli kibbutzim that spent their time world cared for in a communal. Attachment was tested in the strange situation with either the mother or the metapelet. The infants were equally attached to both of the caregivers except in the reunion behaviour where they showed greater attachment to their mothers.This suggests that the mothers were still the primary caregiver despite the shared care. There are also many cross-cultural fights. Grossmann and Grossmann fix that German infants were more commonly insecurely rather than securely attached. This is due to the fact that in German culture they keep some interpersonal maintain between the parents and children so that infants do not engage in proximity-seeking behaviour. This caused th em to seem insecurely attached in the strange situation.Takahashi used the strange situation to study 60 middle-class japanese infants and their mothers. It was found that there was a similarity in the rate of securely attached infants to those in the US sample (Ainsworth). nevertheless there was no evidence of avoidant attachment but there was high rates of resistant attachment. The Japanese infants were extremely distressed when left alone and 90% of the infants the study had to be stopped with at that point. Once once more this is because of the different child care practises in the different cultures.In Japanese culture the infant is rarely apart from the mother which explains why they were so distressed in the strange situation when separated. All of these studies show that despite the cultural variations in the infant care arrangements the strongest attachment formed is still with the childs mother. The research does show that there are differences in the patterns of attachm ent that can be related to the difference in cultures. Rothbaum argued that attachment theory and research is not relevant to other cultures because it is so rooted in American culture.The sensitivity hypothesis promoted that the secure attachment was related to the caregivers responsiveness and sensitivity. Rothbaum argued that this only reflects western ideas or autonomy. In Japan sensitivity is about promoting dependence rather than independence. Sensitivity has the opponent objective in the different cultures. The continuity hypothesis said that infants who are securely attached go on to develop more socially and emotionally competent children and adults. The competence means being able to explore and be independent and be able to regulate ones emotions.In Japan the opposite is true. Once again it has the opposite objective in the different cultures. The secure base hypothesis says that in the west secure attachments are seen as providing the infant with a secure base which the y can explore, thus promoting independence. Japan attachment relationships are dependence-orientated. Behaviours associated with insecure ambivalent attachment are more typical of the characteristic amae relationship which may explain why these classifications are higher in Japan.Rothbaum spoke about the behaviour of Japanese mothers and infants. This might be an incorrect generalisation because within Japan there are different subcultures which have different child care practices. The Kroonenberg study found more variation within cultures rather than between them. Kroonenberg suggested that the cross-cultural similarities could be caused due to the fact that the media spread the same ideas about parenting all over the world so they are exposed to similar influences.

Night World : Spellbinder Chapter 3

star for, lost, a goner. Blaise had chosen him, and it was only a matter of how she was freeing to play him.A parade of names marched through Theas mind. Randy Marik. Jake Batista. Kristoffer Milton. Troy Sullivan. Daniel Xiong.And now Brie Ross. merely Eric was sheding, sounding animated. Your cousin? Is she that different new girl? Thea?Yes. Now-Look, do you tell apart whither she is? I really destiny to talk to her. The hazy look descended again, and Eric stared into the distance. Shes adept Ive neer met eitherbody like her.Blaise let go of the notebook and stared.From her hiding place, Thea stared, too.It had never happened before. This guy didnt charge seem to see Blaise.That was strange enough. But by the Blue Monkey-headed Goddess of Inquisitiveness, what Thea really wanted to know was why she herself felt so relieved by it.A bell rang. Blaise was still standing there flabbergasted. Eric stuffed the notebook in his backpack.Could you respectable let her know I ask ed about her?She doesnt care if you asked about her Blaise snapped, voice no longer honeyed. She said very explicitly that she never wanted to see you again. And Id watch out if I were you. Because she has a temper. The last word was uttered in rising tones.Eric looked slightly alarmed-and crestfallen. Thea saw his throat move as he swallowed. Then, without saying good-bye to Blaise, he turned and walked out the far side of the corridor. whole rough by the Red Crow-headed Thunderbolt Goddess.Blaise turned most and stalked up the corridor in Theas direction. Thea didnt even try to hide.So you saw all that. wholesome I hope youre happy, Blaise said waspishly.Thea wasnt. She was confused. Strangely agitated-and scared, because the Cup of Death was still floating before her eyes.I guess we should both just leave him alone/ she said. be you kidding? Im going to harbor him, Blaise said. Hes mine. Unless, she added, eyes glittering, youve already staked a claim.Thea floundered, shocked. I well noThen hes mine. I like a challenge. Blaise ran a hand through her hair, disordering the bleak waves. Isnt it nice that Gran has so m some(prenominal) love charms in the shop, she mused.Blaise Thea had a hard time collecting her thoughts. Dont you remember what Gran said? If theres any more troubleThere isnt going to be any trouble for us, Blaise said, her voice flat and positive. Only for him.Thea walked to her next class feeling oddly empty. drop it, she thought. Theres nothing you can do.She didnt see many Night People along the way to class. A young kid, probably a freshman, who looked like a shapeshifter a teacher who had the hunting light of the lamia-the natural vampires-in his eyes. No make vampires, no werewolves. No other witches.Of course, she couldnt be certain. All the people of the Night World were master of secrecy, of blending in, of passing unseen. They had to be. It was what allowed them to survive in a world where there were so many more humans and wher e humans loved to kill anything different.But when she was school term in the world literature classroom, Thea noticed a girl in the next row.The girl was small-boned and pretty, with thick eyelashes and hair as black and round the bend as soot. She had a heart-shaped face-and dimples. But what caught Theas eye was the girls hand, which was playing with a pin on the girls blue-and-white-striped vest. A pin in the shape of a black flower.A dahlia.Thea immediately turned to a blank page in her notebook. While the teacher read a passage from the story Rashomon, Thea began drawing a black dahlia, tracing it all over and over until it was large enough for the girl to see distinctly. When she raised her head, she saw the girl was looking at her.The girls lashes swept level as she looked at the drawing, then up again. She smiled at Thea and nodded slightly.Thea smiled and nodded back.After class, without any need to discuss it, Thea followed the girl to the front of the school. The gir l looked around to make received no one was in earshot, then turned to Thea with something like resigned wistfulness. exercise set Midnight? she said.Thea shook her head. Circle Twilight. Arent you?The girls face lit up with shy delight. Her eyes were drab and velvety. Yes she said and rushed on, But there are only two more of us-two seniors, I mean-and theyre both Circle Midnight, and I was afraid to hope She rack out her hand, dimpling. Im Dani Abforth.Thea felt her heart lighten. The girls laughter was infectious. Thea Harman. Unity. It was the age-old greeting of the witches, the symbol of their harmony, their oneness.Unity, Dani murmured. Then her eyes widened. Harman? Youre a Hearth-Woman? A daughter of Hellewise? Really?Thea laughed. Were all daughters of Hellewise.Yes, tho-you know what I mean. Youre a direct descendent. Im honored.Well, Im honored, too. Abforth is All-bringing-forth, isnt it? Thats a pretty impressive line itself. Dani was still looking awed, so Thea sa id quickly, My cousins here, too-Blaise Harman. Were both new-but you must be, too. Ive never seen you around Vegas before.We moved in last month, just in time to start school, Dani said. Her brow puckered. But it youre new, what do you mean you havent seen me around?Thea sighed. Well, its kind of complicated.A bell rang. Both she and Dani looked at the school building in frustration, then at each other.Meet me here at lunch? Dani asked.Thea nodded, asked which way her french class was, and then flew off toward the other side of the building.She sat through her next two classes trying to actually listen to the teachers. She didnt know what else to do. She had to concentrate to halt the image of aged-flecked green eyes out of her mind.At lunch, she found Dani sitting on the steps out front. Thea settled beside her and opened a bottle of Evian body of water and a chocolate yogurt shed bought at the snack bar.You were going to explain how you know Vegas, Dani said. She spoke softly because there were kids everywhere in the front courtyard, sprawled in the sun with paper bags.Thea eyed a row of sago palms and felt herself sighing again. Blaise and I-our mothers died when we were born. They were twin sisters. And then both our dads died. So we grew up sort of moving around from congenator to relative. We usually spend the summers with Grandma Harman, and we live with somebody else during the school year. But these last couple of years well, weve been in five high schools since we were sophomores.Five?Five. I calculate five. Isis knows, it could be six.But why?We keep getting expelled, Thea said succinctly.But-Its Blaises fault, Thea said. She was mad at Blaise. She does-things-to boys. Human boys. And somehow it always ends up getting us kicked out of school. Both of us, because Im always too stupid to tell them shes the one responsible.Not stupid, I bet. Loyal, Dani said warmly, and put her hand on Theas. Thea squeezed it, taking some comfort in the sympathy .Anyway, this year we were in New Hampshire living with our Uncle Galen-and Blaise did it again. To the captain of the football team. His name was Randy Marik.When Thea close offped, Dani said, What happened to him?He burned the school down for her.Dani made a sound halfway between a snort and a giggle. Then she straightened out her face quickly. Sorry, not funny. For her?Thea leaned against the wrought-iron stair railing.Thats what Blaise likes, she said bleakly. Having power over guys, messing with their minds. Getting them to do things they would never ordinarily do. To prove their love, you know. But the thing is, shes never satisfied until theyre completely destroyed. She shook her head. You should have seen Randy at the end. Hed lost his mind. I dont conceive hell ever get it back.Dani wasnt smiling anymore. Power like that she sounds like Aphrodite, she said softly.And thats right, Thea thought. Aphrodite, the Greek goddess of love who could turn passion into a weapon that brought the whole world to its knees.Remind me sometime to tell you what shes done to the other guys shes played. In a way. Randy was lucky.Thea took a breath. So, anyway, we got shipped back here to Grandma Harman because there werent any other relatives willing to take us. They figured if Gran couldnt straighten us up, nobody could.But that must be wonderful, Dani said. I mean, living with the Crone. Part of the reason my mom moved us here was that she wanted to study with your grandmother.Thea nodded. Yeah, people come from all over to take her classes, or to buy her amulets and things. Shes not always easy to live with, though, Thea added wryly. She goes through a couple of apprentices a year.So is she going to straighten Blaise up?I dont think anybody can. What Blaise does-its just her nature, the way its a cats nature to playwith mice. And if we get in trouble again, Gran says shes going to send us to our aunt Ursula at the computerized axial tomography enclave.The Convent?Ye ah.Then youd better stay out of trouble.I know. Dani, whats this school like? I mean, is it the kind of place where Blaise can keep out of trouble?Well Dani looked dismayed. Well-I told you before, theres only two other witches in our class, and theyre both Circle Midnight. Maybe you know them Vivienne Morrigan and genus Selene Lucna?Theas heart sank. Vivienne and Selene-shed seen them going to summer Circles, wearing the darkest robes of any of the Circle Midnight girls. The two of them plus Blaise would make well, a lethal combination.Maybe if you explain to them how important it is, they might help you keep Blaise under control, Dani said. You want to go talk to them now? Theyll be on the patio by the cafeteria-I usually eat with them there.Um Thea hesitated. Talking to those two- well, she doubted it would help. But on the other hand, she didnt have a better idea. why not?On the way to the cafeteria, she saw something that made her stop dead. Taped to the stucco wall was a giant piece of butcher paper, painted chromatic and black at the margins. In the center was a grotesque figure an old woman with a black dress, disheveled white hair, and a wart-covered, haglike face. She was straddling a broom and wearing a pointy hat. Lettering under the picture said comingOCTOBER 31 THE ULTIMATE HALLOWEEN PARTY.Hands on hips, Thea said, When will they learn that witches never wore pointy hats?Dani snorted, her heart-shaped face surprisingly dangerous. You know, maybe your cousin has the right idea after all.Thea looked at her, startled.Well, they are an inferior species. You have to admit that. And maybe it sounds prejudiced, but then theyre so prejudiced themselves. She leaned closer to Thea. You know, they even have prejudices against skin.She held out her arm. Thea looked at the flawless skin, which was a deep, clear brown. Theyd think we were two different races, Dani said, insistence her arm against Theas tan one. And that maybe one was better than the other o ne.Thea couldnt deny it. All she could say, feebly, was, Well, two wrongs dont make a right.But three lefts do Dani burst out, finishing the old witch carol. Then she dissolved into laughter and led Thea to the patio.Lets see, they should be over there. Oh. Oops.Oops, Thea thought.Vivienne and Selene were at a cloistered table on the far side. Blaise was with them.I should have known shed find them first thing, Thea muttered. From the way the three girls had their heads together, it looked as if trouble were brewing already.As Thea and Dani approached the table, Blaise looked up. Whereve you been? she said, undulation a finger reproachfully. Ive been waiting to introduce you.Everybody said hello. Then Thea sat down and studied the other two girls.Vivienne had fox-red hair and looked tall even sitting down. Her face was animated she seemed sparkling with energy. Selene was a platinum blond with sleepy blue eyes. She was smaller, and moved with languid grace.Now, how do I politely s ay, cheer help me suppress my cousin? Thea wondered. She could already tell it wouldnt be much use. Viv and Selene seemed to be under Blaises spell already-they turned to her every other succor as if checking for approval. Even Dani was watching Blaise with something like fascinated awe.Blaise had that effect on people.So we were just talking about guys, Selene said, twirling a straw languorously in her bottle of Snapple iced tea. Theas heart plummeted.Toyboys, Vivienne clarified in a lovely melodious voice. Thea felt the beginnings of a bad headache.No wonder Blaise is smirking, she thought. These girls are just like her. Shed seen it at other schools young witches who seemed to flirt with breaking Night World law by flaunting inhuman power over boys.Arent there any of our kind of guys here? Thea asked, as a last hope.Vivienne rolled her eyes. One sophomore. Alaric Breedlove, Circle Twilight. Thats it. This place is a desert-no pun intended.Thea wasnt really surprised. There were always more witch girls than guys-and nobody seemed to know why. More girls got born, more survived to grow up. And in some places the ratio was particularly unbalanced.So we just have to make do, Selene drawled. But that can be fun sometimes. Homecoming dance is this Saturday, and Ive got my boy all picked out.So, Blaise said, have I. She glanced at Thea significantly.And there it was. Thea felt her throat close.Eric Ross, Blaise said, savoring the spoken communication. And Viv and Sel have told me allll about him.Eric? Dani said. Hes the basketball star, isnt he?And the baseball star, Vivienne said in her beautiful voice. And the tennis star. And hes smart-he takes honors courses and works at the animal hospital, too. Hes studying to get into U.C. Davis. To be a vet, you know.So thats why he cared about the snake, Thea thought. And why hes got flatworms in his notebook.And hes so cute, Selene murmured. Hes so shy with girls-he can hardly talk around them. none of us have gotten anywhere with him.Thats because you used the wrong methods, Blaise said, and her eyes were very smoky.Theas insides seemed hollow and there was a circlet of pain around her head. She did the only thing she could think of.Blaise, she said. She looked her cousin directly in the face, making an open appeal. Blaise, listen. I hardly ever ask anything of you, right? But now Im asking something. I want you to leave Eric alone. Can you do that-for me? For the sake of Unity?Blaise blinked slowly. She took a long drink of iced tea. Why, Thea, youre getting all worked up.Ism not.I didnt know you cared.I dont. I mean-of course I dont care about him. But Im worried about you, about all of us. I think Thea hadnt meant to say this, but she found the words spilling out anyway. I think he might have some suspicions about us. This dayspring he told me that I seemed so different from other girls. She managed to stop herself before she mentioned that hed guessed she had healed him. That would be incr edibly dangerous, especially since she didnt know who Vivienne or Selene might blab to.Blaises pupils were large. You mean-you think hes a psychic?No, no. She knew he wasnt a psychic. Shed been inside his mind, and he wasnt from any lost witch family. He didnt have any powers. He was as much a human as that snake had been a snake.Well, then, Blaise said. She chuckled, a rich, rippling sound. He just thinks youre different-and thats hardly something to worry about. We want them to think were different.She didnt understand. And Thea couldnt explain. Not without getting herself into very hot water.So, if you dont mind, well just consider my claim staked, Blaise said courteously. Now, lets see, what to do with the boys at the dance. First, I think we need to spill their blood.Spill what? Dani said, sitting up.Just a little blood, Blaise told her absently. Its going to be absolutely vital for some of the spells well want to do later.Well, good luck, Dani said. Humans dont like blood-they re going to run like bunnies from you after that.Blaise regarded her with a half-smile. I dont think so, she said. You dont understand this business yet. If its done right, they dont run. Theyre scared theyre shocked and they just keep coming back for more.Dani looked shocked herself-and still fascinated. But why do you want to hurt them?Were just doing what comes naturally, Blaise purred.I dont care Thea thought, its none of my business.She heard herself say, No.She was staring at a pile of squashed napkins in her hand. off of the corner of her eye she could seeBlaises exasperated expression. The others might not know what Thea was saying no to, but Blaise always understood her cousin.I asked you before if you wanted him, Blaise said. And you said you didnt. So now youre changing your mind? Youre going to play him?Thea stared at her wad of napkins. What could she say? I cant because Im scared? I cant because something happened between him and me this morning and I dont know what i t was? I cant because if I keep seeing him I have this feeling I might break the law, and I dont mean the one about never telling humans that we exist I mean the other one, the one about never falling in love.Dont be ridiculous.That sort of thing is out of the question, she told herself. All you want is to keep him from ending up like Randy Marik. And you can do that without getting involved.Im saying I want him, she said out loud.Youre going to play him?Im going to play him.Well. Instead of snarling, Blaise laughed. Well, congratulations. My little cousin is growing up at last.Oh, please. Thea gave her a look. She and Blaise had been born on two different days-just barely. Blaise had been born one minute before midnight, and Thea one minute after. It was another reason they were so connected-but Thea hated it when Blaise acted older.Blaise just smiled, her gray eyes glinting. And,look-theres lover boy right now, she said, feigning elaborate surprise. Thea followed her nod and saw a figure with sandy hair and long legs at the other side of the patio.What luck, Blaise said. Why dont you just walk over and ask him to the dance?

Erving Goffman Focuses on Form of Social Interaction

Examine the view that Erving Goffmans toy focuses on forms of fond fundamental fundamental fundamental interaction and curves social structure. Erving Goffman was born on the 11th June 1922 in Mannville, Canada. In 1939, Goffman enrolled at the University of Manitoba where he pursued an undergraduate degree in chemistry however he and so took an interest for sociology while working temporarily at the National Film Board in Ottawa.This was the motivation that he then needed to go on and enrol at the University of Toronto where he studied anthropology and sociology, then after graduating with a degree he began a masters in sociology at the University of Chicago, which was whiz of the centres of sociological research in the United States. In the decade from 1959-1969 Goffman published seven significant books, this was a remarkable achievement, and so has been considered as the most powerful sociologist of the twentieth century. The focus of his work was the organisation of observ able, everyday behaviour, usually but not always among unacquainted in urban settings.He used a var. of qualitative methods he then developed classifications of the different elements of social interaction. The assumption of this approach was that these classifications were heuristic, simplifying tools for sociological analysis that did not capture the complexity of lived arrest. Goffman was heavily influenced by George Mead and Herbert Blumer in his theoretical fashion model, and went on to pi onenesser the study of face-to-face interaction, elaborate the dramaturgical approach to human interaction, and develop numerous c at oncepts that would have massive influence.Goffman generally concentrated on the detailed analysis of encounters and the norms governing these encounters, therefore the evaluation of face-to-face interactions, paying close attention to the small details of these interactions and discovering things that may count insignificant yet actually are what structure behaviour and behaviour norms. In doing so, Goffman investigated gestures, such as shaking expires or placing a hand on someone elses shoulder and facial expressions during interactions. These types of gestures came to be known as grammatical structures of social interactions.Social interactions create the populace to be a sure place and saw interactions as rituals, in the sense that interaction order as Goffman called it is a social order, when we disrupt interaction we disrupt guild. Goffman argued that our interactions give us a sense of our social belonging and our sense of inviolability of people. When discussing social interaction Goffman uses notions from the theatre in his analyses. The concept of social role originated in a internal representation setting. Roles are socially defined expectations that a person in a given status, or social position, follows.Goffman sees social heart as though compete out by actors on a stage, as how people act depends on the roles tha t they are playing at that time. Goffman then suggests that social life is dissever into regions and back regions. The front regions are social occasions or encounters in which several(prenominal)s act out formal roles they are essentially, on stage performances. An example of this would be within the family between a husband and wife who may take care to conceal their quarrels from their children, preserving a front harmony, only to fight bitterly once the children are safely tucked up in bed.The back regions may resemble the extension of the theatre, where people can relax and open up almost their feelings and styles of behaviour they keep in check when on stage. Back regions permit profanities, open sexual remarks, elaborate griping, use of dialect or substandard spoken communication. (Goffman, 1959). Thus, a waitress may be the soul of quiet courtesy when serving a customer, but become loud and aggressive once behind(predicate) the swing doors of the kitchen. Goffman (1959 ) argued that performance teams routinely use backstage regions for such purposes.This approach by Goffman is usually described as dramaturgical that is, it is an approach based on an analogy with the theatre, with its front and backstage regions. However, Goffman is not suggesting that the social world really is a stage, but that, using the dramaturgical analogy, we can study certain aspects of it and translate more about wherefore people behave in ways they do. (Giddens 268 2009). In The Presentation of Everyday Life (1959), Goffman outlined a conceptual framework in which any occasion of face-to-face interaction can be interpreted as a theatrical performance.Expanding the ideas of Kenneth Burke, who pioneered a dramatist approach. Burke identifies five dollar bill elements that have to be taken account of in any discussion or analysis of social interaction. The first being act, which refers to what is through with(p). Typical acts such as telling jokes, drinking a cup of coff ee and so on are all interpreted, all symbolic displays communicating to the audience of whats going away on. Then the scene, it is the situation, the context, the setting and the props and it is what the actors uphold to. The agent relates to the ndividual that carries out the action, they act but with an identity, with an image of egotism that is presented to the audience. Burke argues image of self is going to relate to the acts that have been carried out and the context in which the act is being carried out. He states that selfs are not things which are not fixed, they are something presented to the audience. Purpose, why do people do things? One reason being because they have motives, they are taken very seriously and are the reason for peoples behaviour. Purposes are not fixed they depend on what is being carried out.Finally the last element which Burke discusses is agency which is the theoretical points, he claims that the whole lot is acquire through language. From these elements Goffman then went on to develop his own dramaturgical investigations based on six themes the performance, the team, the region, discrepant roles, communication out of the character and impression management. nothing of Goffmans dramaturgical world is quite what it seems. Rather, people are all portrayed as performers enacting rehearsed lines and roles in places that are carefully constructed in order to maximise the potential of deception.He then goes on to suggest that as performers people both give and give off impressions. It has been suggested that Goffmans dramaturgical world is thus one of misdirection in which general suspicion is necessary he developed an interest in espionage practices mainly because he recognised these as extensions of everyday behaviour. Goffman then went on to identify five go bads in social interaction which are the unwitting, the naive, the covering, the uncovering and finally the counter uncovering move (1959 11-27).Each of these moves is designed either to achieve some advantage directly, or to reveal the strategies of other players. These moves are used in social worlds, or as Goffman called them, situated activity systems. Each is regulated by adopted norms known by systems members. Rather than concentrating on the production of meanings, the definition of the situation and germane(predicate) symbols, as Bulmer advocated, Goffman proposed the study of strategic interaction using the vocabulary outlined above.However, for reasons which are uncertain, neither Goffman nor anyone else developed this proposal, and the relationship between symbolic interactionism and strategic interaction has been largely ignored. For Goffman, the worry between the individual and society was through ritual. Goffmans use of ritual was indebted to Durkheim arguing that the self in modern society becomes a sacred object in the same way that the collective symbols of more primitive societies, operated in Durkheims The chief(a) Forms of Religious Life.The self as sacred object must be treated with proper ritual care and in turn must be presented in a proper light to others (196787). The rituals of modern social life that individuals perform for each to maintain, civility and good will on the performers part and own the small patrimony of sacredness possessed by the recipient are stand ins for the power of supernatural entities described by Durkheim (Goffman, 196162).As Goffman put it, Many gods have been done away with, but the individual himself stubbornly remains as a deity of considerable importance (196795). In Asylums (1961), Goffman analysed the extreme backstages of society, such as the schizophrenic wards of mental hospitals. He proposed the concept of total instituations for places where all aspects of life are subject to all encompssing authority that allows no private backstages for the individuals.Goffman argued that patients engage in granting immunity through bizarre behaviour which is beyond insit utional controls. Thus, the official social processing of persons as deviant tends to promote further deviance. Mental illness, in Goffmans view, is not a characteristic of the individual so much as a social enactment, a spiral of violations of the ritual properties of everyday life. Therefore Goffman drew upon his fieldwork to receive a point that one becomes labeled as mentally ill because one persistently violates minor standards of ritual proriety.He claims that these mentally ill patients are deprieved of backstage privacy, props for situational self-presentation, and most of the other resources by which people under ordinary conditions are allowed to show their well demeaned selves and their ability to take part in the reciprocality of giving ritual deference to others. This research is familiar to that of Durkheims research on suicide, not so much to show why people annihilate themselves but to reveal the normal conditions that keep up social solidarity and give meaning to life. George Simmel was another major influence for Goffman.Goffman looked at the details of everyday life not simply as illustrations or info for theoretical abstractions, but to provide an accurate description of the social world. Simmels concept of pure sociation open the study of interaction as basic to sociological analysis. Goffman continued this tradition in his insistence that face-to-face interaction comprised an independent area of sociological analysis. My concern over the years has been to promote acceptance of this face to face domainas an analytically feasible one (1983b1).These methods that Gofman has used of incorporating the Simmelian micro take of interaction and the macro level analysis of Durkheimian ritual behaviour have been described as empirically electric, for example, in his book Behaviour in common Place, Goffman noted that the data which he used came from different studies which he had carried, they included ones of a mental hospital, a study of a Sh etland Island community and even some from manuals of etiquette which he had unploughed in a file of quotations that he found interesting. 19634). His approach was basically identifying the ways in which individuals in a variety of social contexts accomplished interaction. Thus, he paid attention to speech as well as silence. Goffman expected Frame Analysis (1974) to be his crowning achievement. In this book he state that he was concerned with the structure of experience individuals has at any moment of their lives and made no claim whatsoever to be talking about the midpoint matters of sociology-social organisation and social structure (197413).However, this does not mean that Goffman or integrationists generally ignore society and social structures. Goffmans position was that the nature of society and its structures or institutions is discovered in the behaviours of individuals. He suggested, If persons have a universal human nature, they themselves are not to be looked to for an explanation of it. One must look kind of to the fact societies everywhere, if they are to be societies, must mobilise their members as self-regulating participants in social encounters. Fundamentally what Goffman is saying is that society frames interaction, but interaction is not dependant on macrostructures. Furthermore, interaction can have a transformative impact on social structures. There is a key point in Goffmans work, which is that he rejected the classical sociological opposition between the individual and social structure that hitherto retains credibility in current sociological theory. For Goffman, individual and social structure are not competing entities they are joint products of an interaction order sui generis (Rawls 1987138).As people in their daily life spend in the battlefront of others, people are then socially situated and so this social situatedness gives rise to indicators, expressions or symptoms of social structures such as relationships, informed gro ups, age grades, gender, heathen minorities, social classes and the like, these effects should be treated as data in their own terms (1983b2). Furthermore, social structures are dependent upon, and vulnerable to, what occurs in face-to-face encounters (1983246).Although social structures dont determine displays such as rituals and ceremonies, they do however help select from the available repertoire of them (1983b251). Thus, there is a sense of loose coupling that lies between that of interaction and social structure. An example which can be used to explain this is that of a small number of males, such as junior executives who have to wait and hang on others words in a manner similar to that of women involved in informal cross-sexed interaction (1983252).What this observation allows Goffman to do is create a role category of subordination that women and junior executives share (1983b252). It can be said that Goffman does not intentionally ignore social structure he just does not pr ovide any definition of it, other than to point out their constructed and framing nature. Frames can be seen as basic assumptions enabling people to understand what is going on in any encounter or situation and the interaction enabling the individual to react appropriately.Frame Analysis is an investigation of what occurs when individuals ask themselves and others, what is going on here? (1974153). Meaning that Goffman is not dealing with the structure of social life but with the structure of experience that individuals have at any moment of their social lives, when they believe they understand what is going on, they will fit their actions to this understanding and ordinarily find that the on-going world supports this fitting (1974158). Goffman believes that everyday activities carried out by individuals are framed in different ways, although they are performed sequentially.In conclusion it can be said that Goffmans work cannot be easily placed in any on theoretical tradition. His work was and remains a constant source of renewal in umteen different directions for sociological theory, which have been discussed throughout the duration on this essay. Goffman described his work as the promotion of the face-to-face domain as an analytically viable one-a domain which might be titledthe interaction order- a domain whose preferred method of study is microanalysis (1983b2).However, Anthony Giddens (1984) pointed out that Goffmans sociological analysis still needs to bridge the divide between the micro and macro, between face-to-face interactions and social structures. As his contribution to social theory consists in the idea of an interaction order sui generis this derives its order from constraints imposed by the needs of a presentational self rather than social structure. There are errors in the interpretation of Goffmans work which have contributed to the misunderstanding of this contribution.Firstly, while the notion of presentational self has presumably been u nderstood, it has nevertheless been re-embedded in the traditional dichotomy between agency and social structure. Consequently Goffman has been interpreted as documenting the struggle between the two secondly, because of the attention Goffman gave to strategic action, it is assumed that Goffman considered this to be the basic form of action.Thirdly, Goffman has been interpreted as cogitate on the details of the interactional negotiation of social structure and fourthly, Goffman is thought to have ignored the important issues such as inequality and institutional constraint. Bibliography * Durkheim E. 1912. The Elementary Forms of Religious Life. * Goffman E. 1959. The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life. * Goffman E. 1961. Asylums Harmondsworth Penguin. * Goffman E. 1963. Behavior in Public Places Notes on the Social Organization of Gatherings * Goffman E. 1971. Relations in Public Microstudies of the Public Order Basic Books New York. Goffman E. 1974. Frame Analysis An Essay on t he Organization of Experience, Harper and Row, New York. * Goffman E. 1983b. The Interaction Order American Sociological analyse Vol. 48. * Goffman, Erving. 1967. Interaction Ritual Essays in Face-to-Face Behavior. Chicago Aldine. * Giddens A. 1984. The Constitution of Society. Berkeley University Of Californa Press. * Giddens A. 2009. Sociology 6th Addition. * Rawls Warfield A. 1987. The Interaction Order Sui Generis Goffmans Contribution to Social Theory. Sociological Theory, Volume 5, telephone number (Autumn,1987).

Advance Practice Theory Paper

APA is defined as having advanced specialized clinical knowledge and skills through masters or doctoral development that prep ars these people for specialization, expansion and advancement of practice. From the above definition specialization refers to ones concentration in one part of the field of treat.On the other hand expansion refers to the acquisition of modern practice knowledge and skills including knowledge and skills legitimizing the role autonomy within area of practice that overlap traditional boundaries of medial practice/.Advancement in this context involves sleep with and specialization that is characterized by the integration of theoretical search based and practical knowledge that occurs as part of grads education in treat. (Michaelene, 2006)The advanced practice take ins are currently being deployed to the rapidly challenging health reverence system. APN are employed in areas such as the community health government hospitals, nursing homes, clinics all over the world. APN functions as educators, consultants researchers, policy makers and outstanding clinicians in the areas. (pg 20)Advanced practice nursing in my own view is an exiting career of choice with many opportunities and challenges. The evidence in technological advancement has produced remarkable assistance in helping the health sector in easier diagnosis of diseases.The word APN designates four roles in the nursing world the nurse anesthetics, nurse midwives, nurse practitioners and nurse specialists. (pg 25) In other descriptions it only refers to the broad category of nurse practitioner and nurse specialists.In this disruption, the clinical nurse specialists are registered nurses usually at the graduate aim school. They demonstrate excellence in a tapered area of nursing practice and are the models for prime(prenominal) health care. These practitioners are registered nurses who have achieved the level of education leased for additional registration as nurse practitio ners with the association of nurses.Their skills are learned through graduate nursing education and substantial nursing practice experience. These groups provide healthcare services from a holistic nursing perspective combined with a focus on the diagnoses and treatment of acute and chronic illness including prescribing medication. (Wales Nurses consultation paper, 2007)Nurses play an important role in the health sector through ensuring the welfare of longanimous is taken care off in the hospital. The beliefs and actions statement for advancement is important in the nursing community in realizing their personal potential.There are certain challenges that aspect the trade. Identification of such challenges would be an important step in facing the future within the profession. The basic purpose of nursing is the well being and care of patients.This could mean different when analyzed in different contexts. But regardless of the context this decisions and actions of the healthcare pr ofession should always be based on an individual(a) need for halt promotion, cure or palliative case, support, advice or conform and involve the patient fully in determining what these needs whitethorn be and how they may be met.This paper provided the opportunity to examine barriers and shelters mode for advanced practice role enactment that forget provide an appropriate framework for may advance practice nurse role.STATEMENT OF FUTURE PROFESSIOANL ROLEI would like to be a family nurse practitioner. This is my effort in realizing and exploiting the potential in me. I clearly register the nature of caring needed by the professional to my particular patents and my developing a unique relationship between my profession and my patent will gift the highest dignity is required.THEORETICAL ROLE FOR ADVANCED ROLE EANACTMENTAdvanced Nursing practice encompasses all the practices including knowledge, their skills in practice education & research. This is much different from the descripti on in price of performance of medial tasks.Skill acquisition theory also referred as the hermeneutic model has been referred by Benner & Wrubel to study expertise in clinical nursing practice. touchstone urges that experienced nurses often use the nurse-patient relationship and knowledge of a patients response patterns to make clinical judgments about patients care. (Michaelene, 2006)Benners definitions of clinical judgment particularly at the level of expertise practice, has been expanded to allow in both deliberate analytic persuasion and non conscious holistic discrimination of patients clinical states. In this model experts judgment include ethical decision making on what is good or right.This is achieved through extensive knowledge from practice, emotional engagement with patients and with one understanding of specific content for care.In my Advanced Practicing Nursing (APN) the hermeneutic model describe what I would really expect to add in a profession. Through use of com mon sense, understanding, adroit know how, similarity recognition and deliberative rationality is key assets that I define to use to achieve the best skills to run the profession.To be able to earn patents needs and after better health care I would use my intuition to analyze complex issues. Intuition can be defined as the capacity to analyze complex data simultaneously discerning patterns and act of hypotheses without necessarily naming all the factors involved in their decision making.This will require my in-depth understanding of the complex experiential knowledge which I have accumulated in practice. By combining this attributes and understanding the best patient-interaction method would enhance my authorisation to offer effective care.My strong points on t he above theory are based on the following understanding that professional education is not just about knowledge and skills to perform tasks, no matter how complex it is much more about socialization and internalization o f the values and codes of profession behavior and practices, both on and off my duty.The professional education takes the lay novice and enables them to be specialists with identity, so that work is not just a theorize to me by a responsibility. I also understand that knowledge is gained by acquiring it and should not be static, but used for the benefit of the society. I will ensure that my knowledge and skills are in tandem with the role I play as a family nurse.Another model of skill acquisition was described by Ham, 1998, Laura & Salentera 2002, in which they pointed out on the range of analytical thinking approaches with a carrying degree of analytical and intuitive thinking. (Neubauer, 1998).This theory of discussion making, the features of the task to be pure(a) are thought to determine the degree of intuition and the analyses used by the decision maker.These features of the task are viewed to be outstanding the complexity of task coordinate (number & redundancy of cases) t he ambiguity of task content (availability of organizing principles, familiarity with the task, and possibility of high accuracy) and the form of tasks presentation (task decomposition, signal definition & response time).The model assumes that greater analytical thinking is related to fewer cues and more complex procedures for combining evidence to result in correct answers.The cognitive model would be achieved in my organization capabilities that I pose my greater task familiarity and my high accuracy will be a greater contributor to my reasoning.I will intend to use my in-depth knowledge on the profession and inborn knowledge for greater analytic thinking. I will also ensure that I fully understand the task that I would intend to undertake in the hope of making the right decisions.The above theory supports my beliefs that the decision and action that I undertake as a health practitioner should be base on an individual patient need. This is in addition to involving my patients in d ecision making which concerns their care thereby promoting healthy lifestyles and self commission of health.ConclusionThe advanced practice nursing as we have seen has been consistently characterized as based in holistic persecution , the formation of partnership with patients or pollutions the use of research and theory to guide practice and the use of diverse approaches in health and illness management.And as Banner identified the domains or expert practice, my Advanced institutionalise Nursing (APN) would be based on nothing less but even more of the following, having and helping role, monitoring functions of diagnostic and patient monitoring, good and risky management of rapidly changing situations, teaching coaching factors and monitoring therapeutic interventions and regiments monitoring and ensuring that offer quality health care services and lastly grow the best organizational and work-role competences.ReferencesConsultation paper Designed to Realize Our Potential a beli efs and action statement for nurses, midwives and specialist community public health nurses in Wales for 2007 and beyond. Retrieved on February 22, 2008 from

PH lab report

Background information/Research PH paper (litmus paper) determines how virulent or how basic a substance is. The ape lurchs color accordingly to color code on the pH scale. The pH scale starts from O to 14. The lower the number the more acidic it is. Zero is the most acidic, and 14 is the most bas c while 7 is the neutral number for example water. Examples of an acid Is lemon Juice or multi p repose cleaner. Examples of a basic substance Is shampoo or liquid soap. We go for pH for the products we use and food that we eat to check if it is safe to use for us humans and not harm us.With PH. Products have become safer and less harmful to our environment and ourselves. Materials Various indicators BRB spirited Phew red Met red Methyl blue Met orange Methyl yellow Various unknowns Watch trays Procedures 1. Take 6 indicators that are all different colors. 2. Take the 4 unknowns numbered 14 3. Take a watch tray and wash it down before using it. 4. Put the indicator that Is numbered 1 in 6 slots on the watch tray. (Only put in bingle d rope) 5. Take all(prenominal) Indicator and put It in 1 slot each, each slot should have a different Indict dalo color. (Again only one drop) .Record results and observations down on a table. Observe If It changed color, If It c hanged from 7. Wash down the watch tray again so you do not mingle chemicals, or else your data will be inaccurate. 8. Repeat steps 47 for the last 3 unknowns. Results After the LAB I had various different results for each indicator reaction to the unknown All together I had 24 results, 6 results for each unknown. A couple of the indicators re acted to the unknown differently than the others. They started to change one color, then a bit late r it would change to a different color.

Health Care Delivery Systems Essay

Bursting the Health Care BubbleA stock states that, the 30 million uninsured Americans incur forced the United States to put part of the responsibility of health fretting into the governments hands (Terry 116). By 2014, the changes in the health care system of rules leave behind be life changing for nearly, while others pass on energize little to no effect by the repair. A surgery specialist from peeled York states that, 46 million people in America lack access to health care and has been based on a persons aptitude to pay (Goldberg 6). Since 2010, the Health Care Reform Act already started making changes in our economy and leave continue to do so until for some years, or the election of a new President. These changes will allow each person to have little to no excuse on why they are non taking responsibility of their health.As I sat patiently in the waiting room for my doctor who was twenty subtiles late, I sat and watched the quantify every few minutes until a nurs e came to greet me. I couldnt help but look around at the other patients attached to me thinking amend, privilege, or responsibility? Was it my right to be here, my privilege, or my responsibility? Going through the scenarios in my head, I could think of examples that could fall under each. A small child ran about the waiting room while her mom sat in her chair reading Country Living, an elderly join sat holding hands to my left, also waiting patiently for someone to greet them. I could hear the checkup assistants at the front desk gossiping and discussing indemnity matters.I couldnt help but feel sorry for them after learning what pain insurance companies could be. Originally, while sitting there unwearyingly for the doctor and reflection the people around me, I thought it was a privilege to complicate to be one of the lucky ones that had insurance, which better allowed me to take care and responsibility of my sustain health. This then lead me to my next thought, the reason that I am here right now is because I am the one taking responsibility for my deliver health (and maybe the help of my parents until I am 26 hopefully). As the nurse called me back, I had finally come to aconclusion. Health care in the United States is a responsibility, non a right and no foresightfuler a privilege. The responsibility of healthcare if shifting everywhere, whether it be changing into the hands of patients, medical personnel, or the government.According to www.dictionary.com, existence account up to(p) is existence accountable. I feel that numerous Americans in the United States have trouble being accountable for their own actions, and worry to put the blame on someone or something other than themselves. Americans do not blame themselves for their health care problems kinda attributing the rising health care cost to the profits do by drug and insurance companies (Blendon 636). Even from the standpoint of our country as a whole, galore(postnominal) would li ke to believe that we dont make mistakes and that we are better than the rest. Even on Google, there are many websites containing all the reasons that Americans think they are superior to other countries and sadly, there is a long list. Reality has to hit at some point, and someday I hope many of us can recognize that we arent perfect, and that in fact we do make mistakes, mistakes that can hold even the lives and the decisions of others.Thinking I am being proactive and taking responsibility for my own health, I finally get to see the doctor after not only a thirty minute wait in the lobby, but a two to three week wait just to see my family physician. marshall Kapp, the director of Florida State Universitys c at one timentrate on for Innovative Collaboration in Medicine & Law, states that practicing physicians in the United States are already extremely busy he goes on to submit that adding new patients to practices will only result in either more hours to the day or a longer wait to get into your doctor, depending on the physician because of the reform (418). Marshall Kapp fears that affordable health insurance may still fail at actually providing medical care (416). Because each physician will have more patients, will each patient be receiving the right quality of care? Or even the right medical care at all because of the long wait? In the same article he goes on differentiateing, According to an official of the American College of Physicians, newly insured patients can anticipate difficulties gaining access to uncomplicated care, particularly in undeserved communities (416). More patients will thencause a shortage of physicians in the United States.Another source goes on to say that Americans are far less satisfied with the availabilityof health care in their country than Canada and the British are with theirs Nearly three-fourths of Americans in 2003 evince dissatisfaction with the availability of health care in their country (Blendon 629). Althou gh Americans no longer have an excuse on why they arent taking responsibility, will the fleck of patients decrease the quality of care or the access to a physician? The Health Care Reform Act is predicted to reduce health care costs, which will then lead people to receive preventative care and will also allow Medicare patients to receive a physical with no direct costs or low costs to patients (Terry 116). Terry begins to then say that preventative medicine and chronic illnesses-for instance, diabetic patients- are issue to have incentives and better reporting (116). Edward J. Dougherty, Senior Vice President of B&D Consulting in Washington D.C. says, There is a greater focus on preventative care, on wellness, on patient education, and intervention before an acute event or episode occurs. That provides opportunities for anyone (Terry 116).The wise words of Dr. Baker that will haunt my brain forever went a little something like this, As I was shaving this morning, I looked in the mirror and saw the person who was responsible for(p) for high health care costs. either time I look in the mirror, I am now disturbed by these same words, as Im sure many of my other class mates are as well. Dr. Davis Goldberg goes on to tell a story of Joe Skin, Joe Skin died of metastatic malignant melanoma because he could not afford the $100 it would have to cost him to see a local dermatologist two years earlier, when he only had melanoma in situ. ineffectual to afford the original fee, he left his pigmented lesion untreated, until a seizure from metastatic disease ended with him having multiple surgeries at a cost of $350,000 to tax payers (Goldberg 6).I wonder if Mr. Skin looked in the mirror while he was shaving that morning to realize that he would be one of the reasons for high health care costs in America. Unfortunately, because Joe Skin didnt have health insurance he decided to not take responsibility for his health, which then resulted in more problems than before an d even resulted in death. This seems to be apopular trend in the uninsured Goldberg states, The uninsured also tend to wait longer and get sicker before seeing a doctor (6), he then states that a popular trend among the uninsured is that they are less likely to receive recommended preventative and primary care services, confront significant barriers to care and ultimately face worse health outcomes (6).The overall attitude toward health care changes dramatically when you catch those who are uninsured into the health care industry. Americans attitudes toward the health care system are related to difference between those with secure and comprehensive coverage, and those without it (Blendon 628). A source states that, one of the purposes of the healthcare Reform act is to better allow each person to take responsibility into their own hands, as well as get down health costs (Terry 116).The responsibility and the cost of health care have been taken out of the physicians and the medic al provides hands, and into those of the governments. Nathan Kaufman, Managing Director of Kaufman Strategic Advisors states, It is a brutal fact that hospitals can no longer afford to delegate the responsibility and accountability of cost and quality of care to an independent medical staff of physicians practicing (167). Like we have discussed earlier, the reform is supposed to help lower the costs, but Kaufman believes that health care costs will contribute to the destabilization of the economy (164). He then proceeds with Richard Foster, the chief actuary for Centers of Medicare & Medicaid Services, who also states that the new law will increase the nations overall spending on healthcare by $289 billion through 2019 (Kaufman 164).This budget will then cut the spending in other important areas, which will then raise our taxes once again to pay back the borrowed money (Kaufman 164). Dr. Baicker also states that there is very much less to fund public schools, roads, and other nec essary public services (Goldberg 6). Although the Healthcare Reform or PPACA seems to be a good idea in many ways, this is where it all seems to be a little bit fishy, and when life seems to be all great and dandy with the reform, we will eventually be hit with the reality of the damage that our government and what our decisions have caused us. Dr. Katherine Baiker also headings the concept of the PPACA stating, Yet the question remains What will work? What is the most effective way to rationhealth care? (Godberg 6). There are consequences to most every situation, and I do not cut if physicians or patients are prepared for the consequences that the PPACA will bring us.The question is not if there are consequences, but when will we be alter by them? According to Americans Health Care Views of Care, Access, and Quality states that Americans have little to no faith in their government and were ready for some sort of reform (624). With the Healthcare Reform Act already facing high di sputes and the non-support from many health care providers and some politicians, and because we spend so much time building the reform up, our nation is not aware of what is about to hit. At some point, Americans are going to be forced with higher taxes, and I fear health care providers who are also not prepared for the consequences will be faced with, and will not get the benefits of the reform to its fullest. Dr. Blendon says that, when issues like health care rationing, increased taxes, and longer waiting times are raised, public alternatives fall sharply (641). Later in the article, he also begins to say that less than half of the people agreed to pay higher taxes to achieve the goal of a universal health plan (Blendon 642).Kaufman states, Those who recognize the existence of a bubble and prepare for its brutal realities can benefit when the bubble bursts (167). He also begins to say that, health care providers who do plan for the bubble bursting, will be able to treat higher v olumes of patients at lower predictable costs per episode, demonstrating measurable high quality and providing an exceptional patient experience (167-168). For those who do not prepare themselves for the bubble burst who will be responsible? Everyone involved in the health care system will be responsible for some of the lack of thought that has gone into this health care reform. One of the man purposes of the reform is to also help the quality of care, which is one of the many responsibilities that physicians face in the health care industry. Although doctors have many patients, if a patient is taking the responsibility of taking care of their own health, then it is the responsibility of the physician to provide the best quality of care. A source states, Health reform policies currently envisioned to improve care and lower costs may have small effects on high-cost patients who consume most resources. Instead, developing interventions tailored to improve care and lowering costs for s pecified types of complex and costly patients mayhold greater potential for bending the cost curve (Kaufman 166).Changing the quality of care isnt done at no cost, but a source states that health care organizations must contribute on some level to promoting the highest quality of care, the greatest safety of the patient, and the best patient experience (Liang 1426). approach path from personal experience, if a patient is satisfied with their visit(s) and receives the best quality of care and experience possible, the likelihood of them returning is much greater. In the article Quality and preventative in Medical Care What Does the Future Hold?, brought up some interesting points about physician to patient relationships during their medical stay or the decisions made about their health. Doing so will make the patient more dateing and responsible for their own health. It is important for the physician and the patient to make decisions together and understand the benefits, consequenc es, and the outcome of each procedure. A source states that less than one-half of hospitalized patients stated they were always involved in the decisions about their treatment, and almost one-third of the patients indicated they did not know who handled their care in the hospital (Liang 1426). Allowing a patient to take more responsibility for their health is a lot harder when they have no idea what is going on.The quality of patient care affects the quality of a patients life. Dr. Blendon says, most Americans are satisfied with the quality of medical care they and their families receive, and they do not see the issue as a top problem (648). A source states that the Institute of Medicine has defined quality as the degree to which health services for individuals and population increase the likelihood of desired health outcomes and are consistent with current professional knowledge (Schuster 3). When dealing with health care I believe that it is always the patients responsibility, bu t if the physician giving incentive to the patient stay proactive and understand what is going on, than how can the patient be responsible? The thoughts on health care are constantly changing, whether its peoples right to be provided with health care, whether its a privilege to be able to receive health care, or whether its the responsibility of those apart of the health industry and the patients to receive the right kind of health care. A source states that, purpose ways of doing more with less will continue to be hospitals biggest challenge(Hospitals are expected to do more with less 4). The health care reform will be in full force before we all know it. As a citizen and patient, I know that it is my personal responsibility to corroborate proactive on my health, help make decisions for my fellow Americans to make the best health system possible. So every morning, when I see into the mirror, I know that the reason the health care industry is the way it is, was because I made it that way. Health care is a responsibility, not a right and no longer a privilege.

Faculty Interview

Faculty query Kathleen Fargo University of Phoenix Role of the Health Care/Nursing Educator HSN/548 Denise York November 26, 2012 Faculty Interview Changes are occurring in the health care arena today. With changes in legislation regarding health care regulation and the mandatory health care there is an enlarge in the already shortage of nurses. With the shortage of nurses come the requirements for an increased need for treat educators. Responsibilities of the nurse educator extend beyond teaching the student.Educators must happy chance the emphasis for the result of learning with retention of knowledge. The purpose of this paper is to focus on the role of a current nursing educator presently utilise in a state college in okay. C. B. is currently an Associate Professor at Seminole State College (SSC) in Oklahoma. Her first put in teaching was as a registered nurse with an associate degree in nursing at a technology school as an educator for the school of practical nursing. Sh e obtained a bachelors of science in nursing, was promoted to coordinator of the platform. C. B. as obtained a masters of science in nursing and has been utilize at SSC for three years. SSC offers a cooperative alliance nursing program, a bridge program for licensed practical nurses to obtain an associate degree in nursing. SSC is a two-year college workings in conjunction with two technological schools in the area to provide a bridge program from the technological schools practical nursing program to the associate degree in nursing program. todays colleges and universities are faced with changing issues related to education and the health science program.According to Billings and Halsted (2009), cause forces for the changes include increasing multiculturalism of society, finite financial resources in education and health care, expanding technology and the accompanying knowledge explosion and the increasing public demand for answerability of educational outcomes (p. 3). Nursing programs must increase the demand for nurses by increasing the number of graduates. Fewer educators are available to teach the increasing number of nursing students.As full-time staff leaves the institution, colleges and universities are forced to fill the positions with adjunct efficiency because of budget constraints. Many accrediting agencies require a percentage of full-time faculty and unique(predicate) targets for faculty with terminal degrees in the disciplines in which they teach (Stenerson, Blanchard, Fassiotto, Hernandez, & Muth, 2010, p. 25). Accreditation can in addition depend on the faculty responsibility for the university or colleges ability to demonstrate faculty responsibility for the curriculum and faculty perspectives in the process of shared governance (Ibid).C. B. is assigned to the bridge program as the technology school where she was formerly employed is one of the practical nursing programs where she was the coordinator. She is familiar with the program s and is able to provide out of classroom support. C. B. is required to be a member of the committee where updating of the clinical classes occurs. Adjunct faculty who have been at the state college for more than a year are encouraged to participate in committees. Textbooks are decided on in the committee.If the adjunct faculty prefers not to participate in the curricula committee meetings their input is welcome regarding the text selections and curricula planning. The adjunct faculty presently employed at SSC have clinical experience and are familiar with the clinical sites for the students. Full-time faculty is encouraged to obtain a PhD although it is not required. Full-time educators are also assigned two to three adjunct faculty to mentor if the part-time faculty has been employed by the college for less than one year.The associate professor is responsible, with the program aspireor, in evaluating the adjunct nursing educators mentored. Whether full-time or an adjunct professo r, each nurse educator has a responsibility to uphold the mission of the institution by mentoring, teaching critical thinking skills, being a positive role model, and practices ethical conduct. Nursing programs must be maintained to remain current. With informatics as a newer field in nursing, along with computers, and rapid changes in technology, practicing and teaching have changed.Additional fields in health care include genomics, cloning, organ transplants, and a potential for pandemics, all which must be included in the nursing curricula in addition to the already existent fundamentals of nursing (Rosenkoetter& Mistead, 2010). In Seminole, Oklahoma the main three minorities include native Americans, Latinos, and African-Americans. SSC is a multicultural college and the cultures are taken into account for the method s taught in the classes. Beliefs and customs are tough with respect nonjudgmentally.Family nursing is addressed in the clinical classes as students are educating fa milies and the patient on the final diagnosis. Community involvement is strongly recommended for full-time faculty and required of tenured professors. Tenured professors are required to participate in research committees. As classes are phased out tenured professors may have their position eliminated although elimination of positions has not been an issue for SCCs nursing program. Vacant positions arise as nursing educators acquire a PhD and move to a higher university. Todays nurse educator has a difficult job.The educator must take the responsibility of turning students into learners rather than the educator just teaching. Increased commencement ceremony rates is a must in the current nursing shortage that will extend for decades. The educator faces rapidly changing technology with the college or universitys limited budgets, larger student loads with a smaller faculty, multicultural classes, and different generations of students. C. B. s goal is to obtain her PhD eventually and t ransfer to a university. References Billings, D. M. , & Halsted, J. A. (2009). instruct in Nursing A Guide for Faculty (3rd ed. . Philadelphia, PA W. B. Saunders. Rosenkoetter, M. M. , Milstead, J. A. Nursing Ethics. Jan 2010, Vol. 17 Issue 1, p137-139. Retrieved from https//ehis. ebscohost. com/eds/pdfviewer/pdfviewer? vid=2&hid=124&sid=0bd9c94c-3d04-4761-9781-b7aa77ff8179%40sessionmgr14 Stenerson, J. , Blanchard, L. , Fassiotto, M. , Hernandez, M. , & Muth, A. (2010, Summer). The role of adjuncts in the professoriate. Peer Review, 12(3), 23-26. Retrieved from https//search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=ehh&AN=54710247&site=eds-livetf

Reflective Analysis Essay

In my short story entitled, run-in Haunt Me, the language registers and variations in the short story as well as attitudes to language and communicatory behaviour of the characters will be discussed. Throughout the story, an intimate register was utilized between Romain and Rae-Ann. This is because they are really comfortable with each other. Additionally, it is the language marked by specialized words and expressions as seen when Rae-Ann says Its deviation to be alright babe. However, a more formal tone is exchanged between Romain and Mr. and Mrs. Carmino. This is level of formalness may have been adopted because Romain was meeting them for the first time. This is apparent as Romain declares Good evening Mr. and Mrs. Carmino, a pleasure to meet youMr. and Mrs. Carmino spoke Standard position using theacrolect variation as seen in this manikin So what are your intentions with my daughter young man. Their choice of language may have been because of their upper human body status . However, Romain spokecreole at intervals throughout the passage and at some intervals even exclaiming inbas ilect as he was emotionally aroused. The comfort at which he spokebas ilect leads one to believe that this is his first language of choice and he is very comfortable with it as evident in the many features of the creole structuring such as the use of mi as a subject adjective and the replacement of the th with thed as seen in the example Dere is nuting wrong wit de way I speak Theattitudes formulated to language vary stipulation a persons perception.In the extract, Mr. Carmino despises the creole used by Romain. He considers acrolect/ Standard English superior tocr eole. He indicates this by saying You speak the language of the underdogs. Romain on the other hand, defends his language as he sees nothing wrong with it. He also, associates Standard English with a higher class corporeal world. An example of a communicative behaviour which was exhibited throughout the passage is gestures.Romain wiping his hands showed his nervousness while Mr. Carminos stern handshake is interpreted as a sign of authority. Other communicative behaviours included seventh cranial nerve expressions as seen when Mr. Carminos eyebrows frowned together which illustrates his anger and also through vocalics when Romain raised his voice to show his frustration. In attempting to analyse my second reflective I have looked at the relationship between a persons dialectal variations, choice of register, attitude to language and communicative behaviours, all of which are important in communication.

Probability Theory and Mathematical Systems Probability

mathematical Systems Probability Solutions by Bracket A First Course in Probability Chapter 4Problems 4. Five men and 5 women argon ranked according to their scores on an examination. Assume that no two scores be alike and all 10 mathematical ranks are equally in all likelihood. let X denote the highest ranking achieved by a woman (for instance, X = 1 if the top-ranked person is female). Find P X = i , i = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 8, 9, 10. allow Ei be the consequence that the the ith scorer is female. Then the event X = i correspdonds to the cc event E1 E2 Ei . It follows that ccP X = i = P (E1 E2 Ei ) . c c c c c = P (E1 )P (E2 E1 ) P (Ei E1 Ei? 1 ) Thus we throw off P X=i i 1/ 1 2 5/ 2 18 5/ 3 36 5/ 4 84 5/ 5 252 1/ 6 252 0. 7, 8, 9, 10 12. In the game of Two-Finger Morra, 2 shammers show 1 or 2 ? ngers and simultaneously supposition the fall of ? ngers their opponent exit show. If nevertheless one of the participants shootinges correctly, he wins an do (in doll ars) equal to the sum of the ? ngers shown by him and his opponent. If both players guess correctly or if neither players guess correctly, then no money is exchanged. postulate a speci? d player and denote by X the amount of money he wins in a single game of Two-Finger Morra. a. If apiece player acts respectively of the other, and if each(prenominal) player makes his choice of the subdue of ? ngers he go away hold up and the number he testament guess that his opponent leave behind hold up in such a federal agency that each of the 4 possibilities is equally likely, what are the possible values of X and what are their associated probabilities? A devoted player can only win 0, 2, 3, or 4 dollars. Consider two players A and B , and let X denote player As winnings. Let Aij denote the event that player A shows i ? gers and guesses j , and de? ne Bij similarly for player B. 1 We have P X = 2 = P (A11 B12 ) = P (A11 )P (B12 ) = 1 1 = 16 , since we have assumed that 44 1 Aij and B ij are independent and that P (Aij ) = P (Bij ) = 4 . Similarly, we have P X = 3 = 1 1 1 P (A12 B22 ? A21 B11 ) = 16 + 16 = 1 and P X = 4 = P (A22 B21 ) = 16 . rase that the situation 8 1 is completely symmetric for player B, so the we have P X = ? 2 = P X = ? 4 = 16 and 1 P X = ? 3 = 1 . Finally, we have P X = 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? 1 = 2 . 8 2 b. Suppose that each player acts independently of the other.If each player decides to hold up the same number of ? ngers that he guesses his opponent will hold up, and if each player is equally likely to hold up 1 or 2 ? ngers, what are the possible values of X and their associated probabilities? Neither player can win any money in this scenario. If player A shows 1 ? nger and guesses B will show 1 ? nger, then A can only win if B shows 1 ? nger. But if B shows 1 ? nger, then B will guess that A will show 1 ? nger, and thus neither player will win. The same holds for when A shows 2 ? ngers and guesses that B will show 2 ? ngers. Thus, we hav e P X = 0 = 1. numeral Systems Probability 20. A gambling book recommends the following winning dodge for the game of roulette. It recommends 18 that the gambler promise $1 on red. If red appears (which has luck 38 ), then the gambler should take her $1 pro? t and quit. If the gambler misplaces this bet (which has probability 20 of occurring), she should 38 make additional $1 bets on red on each of the next two spins of the roulette wheel and then quit. Let X denote the gamblers winnings when she quits. a. Find P X 0 . Note that X only takes on the values ? 3, ? 1, and 1. Thus P X0 =P X=1 P (she wins immediately or she loses and then wins the next two) = P (she wins immediately) + P (she loses and then wins the next two) 18 20 18 18 = + ? . 592 38 38 38 38 b. Are you convinced that the winning strategy is indeed a winning strategy? Explain your answer The evaluate value of X is ostracize (? ?. 108), which is accounted for by the fact that although the gambler has a high pro bability of winning $1, she could also lose $3, and the probability of this occuring is not low enough to make the game worth playing in the long run. 21. A total of 4 buses carrying 148 students form the same school arrives at a football stadium.The buses carry, respectively, 40, 33, 25, and 50 students. hotshot of the students is randomly selected. Let X denote the number of students that were on the bus carrying this randomly selected student. One of the 4 bus drivers is also randomly selected. Let Y denote the number of students on her bus. a. Which of E X or E Y do you think is bigger? Why? We should expect E X to be larger since its the per-student average rather than the per-bus average, just as the per-student average air division size was larger than the per-class average class size (from the example in class). b. enumerate E X and E Y . We have 33 40 50 25 25 + 33 + 40 + 50 ? 39. 28 148 148 148 148 1 1 1 1 E Y = 25 + 33 + 40 + 50 = 37 4 4 4 4 E X = 27. An i nsurance company writes a policy to the e? ect that an amount of money A mustiness be paid if some event E occurs within a year. If the company estimates that E will occur within a year with probability p, what should it charge the customer in order that its expected pro? t will be 10 percent of A? Let X be denote the companys pro? t at the end of the year, and w be the amount that the customer is charged. The companys pro? is w if E does not occur within the year, and w ? A if E does occur within the year. Thus P X = w = (1 ? p) and P X = w ? A = p. Therefore E X = w(1 ? p) + (w ? A)p = w ? Ap. We set E X = . 1A to obtain w = A(p + . 1). 2 Mathematical Systems Probability 31. Each night di? erent meteorologists give us us the probability that it will come down the next day. To judge how well these people predict, we will score each of them as follows If a meteorologist says that it will rainfall with probability p, then he or she will receive a score of 1 ? (1 ? p)2 if it does rain, 1 ? p2 if it does not rain.We will then keep track of scores over a indisputable time span and conclude that the meteorologist with the highest average score is the best predictor of weather. Suppose now that a given meteorologist is aware of this and wants to maximize his or her expected score. If this person truly believes that it will rain tomorrow with probability p? , what value of p should he or she state so as to maximize the expected score? Let X be the score that the meteorologist receives, given that she has asserted that it will rain tomorrow with probability p. Then P X = 1 ? (1 ? p)2 = p? and P X = (1 ? p2 ) = (1 ? ? ). It follows that E X = 1 ? (1 ? p)2 p? + (1 ? p2 )(1 ? p? ), which we rearrange and write as a function of p to obtain E X = f (p) = ? p2 + 2p? p + 1 ? p? . We di? erentiate with respect to p to obtain f (p) = ? 2p + 2p? , which clearly has a zero at p = p? . It is straightforward to verify that f has a maximum at this zero, so the meteorologi st should assert p = p? as the probability that it will rain tomorrow. 41. A man claims to have telegnostic perception. As a test, a fair coin is ? ipped 10 times, and the man is asked to predict the outcome in advance. He gets 7 out of 10 correct.What is the probability that he would have done at least(prenominal)(prenominal) this well if he had no ESP? If the man were just guessing, then on each ? ip he would have probability p = 1 of getting the 2 correct answer. Let X be the number of correct guesses out of a sequence of 10 coin ? ips, and we can fix that X is a binomial random protean with parameters 10 and 1 . Thus P X ? 7 = 2 10 10 1 i 1 10? i 11 (2) (2) = 64 . i=7 i 51. The expected number of typographical errors on a summon of a certain magazine is . 2. What is the probability that the next page you read contains (a)0 and (b)2 or more typographical errors?Explain your reasoning. Let X be the number of typographical errors on a page of a magazine. Then X is a Poisson random variable with parameter ? = E X = . 2. We then have P X = 0 = e?. 2 ? .819 and P X ? 2 = 1 ? P X 2 = 1 ? P X = 0 ? P X = 1 = 1 ? e?. 2 ? .2e?. 2 ? .0175. 57. Suppose that the number of accidents occurring on a highway each day is a Poisson random variable with parameter ? = 3. a. Find the probability that 3 or more accidents occur today. Let X denote the number of accidents on the stretch of road. Then P X ? 3 = 1 ? P X 3 = 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 ? .577. 2 b.Repeat part (a) under the assumption that at least 1 accident occurs today. Note that that the event there are three or more accidents today, is a subset of the event there is at least one accident today, and thus the intersection of the two is just the former. It follows that P X? 3 1 ? e? 3 ? 3e? 3 ? 9 e? 3 2 P X ? 3X ? 1 = = ? . 607. 1 ? e? 3 P X? 1 3 Mathematical Systems Probability 63. People enter a gambling casino at a rate of 1 for every 2 minutes. a. What is the probability that no one enters between 1200 and 1205? If X is the number of people entering within the 5 minute interval, then X is a Poisson random 5 variable with parameter ? = 2 5. Thus, P X = 0 = e? 2 ? .082. b. What is the probability that at least 4 people enter the casino during that time? Using the same random variable as above, we have 5 55 25 ? 5 125 ? 5 e 2? e 2 ? .242 P X ? 4 = 1 ? e? 2 ? e? 2 ? 2 4 2 8 3 68. In response to an attack of ten missiles, ? ve coke antiballistic missiles are launched. The missile targets of the antiballistic missiles are independent, with each being equally likely to go towards any of the missiles. If each antiballistic missile independently hits its target with probability . , use the Poisson paradigm to approximate the probability that all missiles are hit. Consider one particular missile M . A particular antiballistic missile A selects M as its target with probability . 1, and if A selects M then it has probability . 1 of hitting it. therefore any such A will hit M with probabi lity (. 1)(. 1) = . 01. Then the likely number of times M gets hit is roughly 500(. 01) = 5. Hence by the Poisson paradigm, if X is M s likely number of hits then X is a Poisson(5) variable. Thus the probability that M is hit is P X 0 = 1 ? P X = 0 = 1 ? e? 5 .There are 10 missiles, so the probability that all of them are hit is then roughly (1 ? e? 5 )10 . 71. Consider a roulette wheel consisting of 38 numbers1 through 36, 0, and double 0. If Smith forever bets that the outcome will be one of the numbers 1 through 12, what is the probability that a. Smith will lose his ? rst 5 bets Since Smith will lose with probability 26 38 , we will lose his ? rst 5 bets with probability ( 13 )5 ? .15. 19 b. his ? rst win will occur on his 4th bet? Note that this is a geometric random variable with parameter p = 12 (or alternatively, a prejudicious 38 inomial random variable with parameters p = 12 and r = 1). Smiths ? rst win will occur on his 38 13 6 4th bet with probabiltity ( 19 )3 19 ? . 101. 75. A fair coin is continually ? ipped until heads appears for the tenth time. Let X denote the number of go after that occur. Compute the probability mass function of X . Let Y be a negative binomial random variable with parameters p = 1 and r = 10. An appropriate 2 sequence with n tails in it must contain n + 10 ? ips in it total, and thus n+10 (n + 10) ? 1 r n+9 1 P X = n = P Y = n + 10 = p (1 ? p)(n+10)? r = 2 r? 1 9 4