Police Control of Juveniles Essay Example for Free

Police falsify of youngs EssayThe paper that was written by Donald J. Black and Albert J. Reiss Jr. started by the definition of the diversion as a demeanor in a group wherein on that point is a chance that in that location is a sanction when deviant behaviors are detected. This control approach as delimitate by the composes is a attend carried on with the analysis, detection and the process of giving the adequate sanctions in the process of policing the insipids. Donald J. Black, as one of the authors of the get a line, was a professor of the social sciences at the University of Virginia. He completed his doctorate at the University of Michigan during the nineteen sixties. He pursued his post doctoral studies at Yale truth School as a Russell Sage friend in righteousness and law and social sciences. after(prenominal) that, he moved to the Harvard University during nineteen seventy nine. Where he held appointments in law school and the sociology department where h e similarly used to be in the Yale School. After that, he taught as Law School teacher when he moved to the University of Virginia in the nineteen eighties.Due to his professorship, he is fitting to teach in any of the different schools and departments of the university. Due to his wide experience in command and studies, he has numerous publications in the sociology of morality, law and conflict. Due to the expanding works o f Black, it includes works such(prenominal) as opening of the differential success of ideas, a theory of scientific theory, theory of scienticity, and theories of the behaviors of natural beings. The 1994 theory Prize plus the Distinguished Book Award of the American Sociological Association due to his more or less recent work the Social Structure of Right and Wrong.His some other work likewise include (1) manner of Law which was translated to different languages (2) The Manners and Customs of the Police and Sociological Justice, and (3) an oblige w hich has won him the Distinguished lore Award still from the American Sociological Association entitled The Epistemology of Pure Sociology a recent article that was published in Law and Social Inquiry. He was in any case an editor of the Oxford University Press for the hand composings called Studies on Law and Social Control. Moreover, his popularity do him invitees as speakers and lecturers to a number of countries in the world Denmark, Finland, Sweden, France, Scotland, Poland, England and Japan. Furthermore, he is scram and founder of a sociological class which includes no psychology or even people as such. This sociological class is cognise as pure sociology. This sociological class is believed to publish a book regarding the subject with the title the Death of the Person. Also, other works such as a book-length learn about(predicate) a general theory about the prediction and explanation of the existence and of struggle in human relationships. Another author, Albert J. Reiss is estimateed one of the greatest influences of the Penn Criminology. Reiss works distinct and uniform emphasis on the organise field query and evidence-based policy is considered the trademark of Penn Criminology. Albert Reiss has been the research director for President Lyndon Johnsons Commission on Law En magnatement and Administration of Justice during the nineteen sixties. Using laboratory like procedures and precision and direct observations, he has able to introduce a fresh way of studying frenzy. Due to his works, he has found out that the endangerment of having violence directly depends on the type of police encounter. The two types of police encounter is pro dissembleive and reactive. The early relies on the idea that the police has been invited by a person who is present in the area to deputise in the state of affairs while the second one refers to the idea that the police has intervened in a situation even without the invitation of the people whoa are presen t in the scene.This means that the police has intervened in the situation at their own expense. From the results of the researches conducted by Reiss, he theorized that police encounters on situations with the consent of the people around brings about less(prenominal) resistance compared to the situations wherein the police has intervened on their own which brings about more resistance from the civilians that brings more violence. Reiss studies has made headlines that almost seventy five percent of all the white police exhibits racial discrimination against discolor civilians.However, the results of Reiss studies brings about the fact that there in no significant difference in the brutality of the police against total darkness and white. He likewise found out that both races has been il efficaciously assaulted and brutally treated in introductory of the public either during their arrest or not. Aside from Reiss project on police control, he likewise introduced the method of usi ng surveys and studies of reported crimes. This method has detected high rates of undetected delinquent works among middle and upper class juveniles. Reiss was born in Cascade, Wisconsin on December 9, 1922. He studied at MarquetteUniversity, however, he disturbed his studies by joining the US Army Air Corps in sphere War II by serving as a meteorologist. He finished his doctoral studies in sociology at the University of Chicago. While educational activity at the university, he also led some studies regarding probation, juvenile and region delinquency. When he finished his doctoral studies during 1949, he was promoted to assistant professor. After that, he shifted to Vanderbilt University as he was delegated the head of the Sociology Department of the university in the 1952. After serving as the Chairman of the sociology department in the Vanderbilt University, in 1959, he moved to University of Iowa, then University of Wisconsin and then, finally serving as the chairman of soci ology at the University of Michigan in 1961.He began doing his field research about police in the University of Michigan. And then, from 1970, until the year he retired in 1993, he began teaching at the Yale University. During his stay in Yale, he published The Police and the Public, his most influential writing about social organizations regarding police confrontation with citizens. He spent his time serving as a senior adviser to ranges of surveys, experiments and researches in Europe, United States and Asia. Basically, the research that was conducted by Black and Reiss is about finding results on the official detection and countenance of juvenile aberrant. In the investigation, the study is centered on the specific conditions that would in effect cause the chance of having sanction by arrest with relation to the involvement of the police force in sealed situations. In general, the study is about processing a control method for juvenile deviance.In relation, the study is also inc lined to the interaction that is happening between the juveniles and the representatives of the police schema. According to the research conducted (1) most of the representatives of the legitimate systems engagement with juveniles would come up due to the direct response of the citizens who take the film in mobilizing the police during situations (2) a high fraction of juvenile and police encounters occurs due to reasons that are of little significance (3) t he chance of having certain sanctions due to arrest was found out to be very low for the juveniles who have had encounters with the police (4) the chances of having arrest increases with the alleged seriousness of juvenile offenses as defined by the criminal law for adults(5) the way the representatives of the legal force sanctions the juveniles is directly dependent on the preferences of the complaints of the citizens during encounters (6) there is highly significant difference between the number of blacks that are detained than the number of whites detained, however, there is low or even no evidence of racial discrimination (7) situational evidence is very important in correlating the act of juveniles in order for an arrest to take place and, (8) the chances of having arrest is most likely in courteous juveniles than those who are disrespectful. The research continues from the deviance definition and is defined as applicable to any class of behavior wherein there is a great possibility of a sanction that is negative and is regardless of its detection. From the eight ideas that were gained from the research, it was known that there are different factors that relates the detection of the negative sanctions particularly the sanctioning of juveniles. Therefore, the research was made in order for the instances and factors that requires control for the existence of the situation. Moreover, the aim of the research was definitely to discover and investigate the organization of deviance and control. The stud y of Reiss and Black about the juvenile control has examined the officers and the representatives of legal systems encounter with the juveniles. They have employed a wide range of methods involving orderly approaches and systematic social observations. The research also took into account the actions that are through by the police and the juveniles in each of the different situations that they have encountered. They have also included the actions and reactions made by the police in their multiple attempts to resolve situations with juveniles. The research has also brought to public a more clear view of the kinds and varieties of offenses and situations in which juveniles can be involved. Moreover, the research also includes a broader scope on the situations that may bring about the juveniles into juvenile justice system and the like. Generally, the research conducted by Black, Reiss and Lundman is focused on the decisions that are made by the instalments of the legal system when it comes to juvenile cases and in police-juvenile encounters. Another study conducted by Worden and Myers has similar scopes and documentations. This independent study in the other hand, is focused on the practices that can be observe in police and the representatives of the legal system during encounters and arrest of juveniles.This research also focused on the other forms anf kinds of the authorities that are used by the police such as, investigative tactics, advising, threats and commands. Still another study focuses itself on the contact records from 1968 to 1975 and analyzes the practices that are used by the police members in arresting juveniles. This research has been do Sealock and Simpson. Generally, all of the studies that ere conducted were very similar to each other. They are focused on the decisions that are made by the police and the members of the legal system during or not during arrest and confrontations. All the researches aims to know the factors that helps the pol ice and the legal system members decide on what certain actions are they going implement and what factors are they going to consider in implementing such actions. There are also studies that nevertheless replicates the works of Reiss and Black. A study that is conducted by Lundman, Richard, Richard E. Sykes and John P. Clark entitled Prevention and Control of Juvenile Delinquency. For the author, Richard Lundman achieved his doctoral studies in the University of Minnesota in the 1973. Dr. Lundman is also an alumni and a distinguished professor at the Ohio State University. Lundmans areas of expertise is in the deviance, white collar and corporeal deviance, criminology, juvenile delinquency rate, race, ethnicity, policing and gender. He has also garnered certain awards such as Excellence in pedagogy Award of the Department of 2002 Sociology Undergraduate Students at the Ohio University. Also, he is recognized as an outstanding faculty member of the Ohio State University during 199 7. This work has been repeatedly updated and in its third edition, the work has been really updated and has included primary trends in the environment. It also covers neighborhood and individual based origins of juvenile delinquency. The research also covers the study on the problems which includes the minority problems of ever representation i n the justice system. The study also include the situations pertaining to diversion. It is also implicated with the vital projects that are fundamentally shaping the ideas, decisions and thoughts or actions regarding crimes that are achieved by the youth. The author of the study also added the idea that the things that has been done in the past should also be the ones to be done in the future. He also believed that doing less to the juveniles than doing more to them will be of great help to them. Primarily, the research that was conducted by the author of the replication of the works of Black and Reiss supports the ideas that were given by the first research. The second research that was conducted by Lundman also believes on the ideas regarding the make and results given by the reactions of the citizens and the juveniles in certain situations. Moreover, ideas that were presented in the second research were only reiterations of the first research. However, there are only certain changes in the scope and the primary concern of the research. Generally, there the scope and the primary concern of the research was broadened in the second research.The first research has only particular(a) its scope in the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system before engaging in arrests and sanctions. It is also concerned with the results and the effects of the reactions and actions of both the juvenile, the representatives of the legal system as well as the citizens that are present in the situation. However, in the second research, it mostly is concerned with the broadening of the scope and the concerns of the research. If the first research is only about the juveniles and the representatives of the legal system, the second research has also included the reasons and effects that brought about the reactions of youth and the reasons that bring them into crimes. As a summary, the two researches that were conducted by the three different authors are really of great help to the society, representatives of the legal system but also to the juvenile personalities inside and even outside the corners of the prison cell. It also aids in bringing out the idea that the possibility of racial criticism that is believed to be experienced by the black juveniles. Racial discrimination is believed to have been done by the representatives of the legal system during situations wherein the ones that achieved crimes are black.Discrimination is also believed to have been practiced by the police during action of sanctions. For so long, racial discrimination among the blacks and the whites is very rearing and is still belie ved that it can be still observed in certain situations nowadays. However, due to the researches conducted, it was discovered that the tone that racial discrimination can still be observed in the police and the manner of application of the sanctions to the juvenile is denied. Also, the researches has also set the ideas regarding the actions and reactions that can be observed during police involvement in certain situations.ReferenceNew York Times (2006) In Memoriam Albert j. Reiss Jr. Retrived, November 30, 2007, from http//www.crim.upenn.edu/reiss.htm.Sage Publications. (1978). Police Control of Juveniles. Retrieved, November 29, 2007, from http//jrc.sagepub.com/cgi/content/ precis/15/1/74.URMMA. Juveniles, Police Model Policy. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.urmma.org/html/juveniles.html.Division of Criminal Justice (1990). Juvenile Matters. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.state.nj.us/lps/dcj/agguide/juvenile.htm.Sherman, Lawrence. Criminologist Albert Reiss Dies at 83 Pioneered Research on Violence. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from www.yale.edu/sociology/news/docs/reiss_obituary_nyt.pdf.SCCgov. (2007). Representation for Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from sccgov.org/ admission/site/scc/chlevel3?path=/v7/SCC Public Portal/.New Hampshire Bar Association. The Rights of Juveniles. Retrieved December 1, 2007, from http//www.nhbar.org/for-the-public/the-rights-of-juveniles.asp.Black, D. and Reiss, A. Police Control of Juveniles. American Sociological Review, Vol. 35, pp. 63-77.